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Cohort study to evaluate the effect of combination Vitamin D, Magnesium and Vitamin B12 (DMB) on progression to severe outcome in older COVID-19 patients

Tan et al., Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017, Jun 2020 (preprint)

Vitamin B12 for COVID-19

38th treatment shown to reduce risk in February 2022, now with p = 0.023 from 4 studies.
Lower risk for recovery.

No treatment is 100% effective.
Protocols combine treatments.

6,700+ studies · 220+ treatments

c19early.org
Meta-analysis
Observational study of 43 patients ≥50 years old, with 17 patients receiving vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 (DMB); and 26 control patients, showing a significantly lower need for oxygen therapy and ICU admission with treatment. DMB OR 0.20 [0.04-0.93] for oxygen therapy and/or intensive care support with multivariate analysis.
This study is excluded in meta-analysis: combined treatments may contribute more to the effect seen.
Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.
Study covers vitamin B12 and vitamin D.
OutcomeImprovementEffect · pTreatmentControl
risk of oxygen therapy 80.5% lower · RR 0.20 · p = 0.04* 80.5% lowerRR 0.20p = 0.04* 3 of 17 (17.6%) 16 of 26 (61.5%) treatment 3 of 17 (17.6%), control 16 of 26 (61.5%)multivariateNNT 2.3adjusted per study
risk of ICU admission 80.9% lower · RR 0.19 · p = 0.07 80.9% lowerRR 0.19p = 0.07 1 of 17 (5.9%) 8 of 26 (30.8%) treatment 1 of 17 (5.9%), control 8 of 26 (30.8%)no adjusted result availableNNT 4.0

Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates. * p < 0.05

Tan et al., 10 Jun 2020, retrospective, Singapore, peer-reviewed, 14 authors, this trial uses multiple treatments in the treatment arm (combined with magnesium and vitamin B12) - results of individual treatments may vary.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org November 2026 Singapore Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Peru Philippines USA Brazil France Italy Canada Pakistan Spain Vietnam Japan Iran Bangladesh Ethiopia Ghana Mexico South Korea Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland Uzbekistan India China Venezuela DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Egypt Nigeria Taiwan Fiji Zambia Bosnia-Herzegovina Dominican Republic Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Iceland New Zealand Mongolia Czechia Belarus Israel Haiti North Macedonia Hong Kong Qatar Panama Serbia Singapore favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was moderate.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org November 2026 Singapore Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Peru Philippines USA Brazil France Italy Canada Pakistan Spain Vietnam Japan Iran Bangladesh Ethiopia Ghana Mexico South Korea Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland Uzbekistan India China Venezuela DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Egypt Taiwan Fiji Zambia Dominican Rep. Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Sri Lanka Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Czechia Belarus Israel North Macedonia Hong Kong Qatar Panama Serbia Singapore favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was moderate.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
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Late treatment
is less effective