Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Dose Escalation and Proof-of-Concept Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Razuprotafib in Hospitalized Subjects With Coronavirus Disease 2019

Paggiarino et al., NCT04511650, RESCUE, NCT04511650, Feb 2021
Late treatmentDouble-blind RCT · NCT04511650 · 31 patients · USA
Razuprotafib for COVID-19
RESCUE Paggiarino et al. NCT04511650 · February 2021
Outcome
Improvement
Relative Risk · 95% CI
Mortality
-5%1.05 · 0.11 to >9
Death or respiratory failure
-178%2.78 · 0.37 to >9
Discharge
-469%5.69 · 0.33 to >9
00.511.52+
← Razuprotafib
reduces riskRazuprotafib
increases risk →
Higher progression and lower discharge
Not statistically significant · p = 0.37 (progression) and p = 0.28 (discharge)
RCT 29 patients showing no significant differences with razuprotafib treatment.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, the USA, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. Only expensive, high-profit treatments were approved for early treatment. Low-cost treatments were excluded, reducing the probability of early treatment due to access and cost barriers, and eliminating complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments.
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risk of death, 5.3% higher, RR 1.05, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 19 (10.5%), control 1 of 10 (10.0%).
death or respiratory failure, 177.8% higher, RR 2.78, p = 0.37, treatment 5 of 18 (27.8%), control 1 of 10 (10.0%), day 28.
risk of no hospital discharge, 468.7% higher, RR 5.69, p = 0.28, treatment 3 of 16 (18.8%), control 0 of 9 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Paggiarino et al., 26 Feb 2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, preprint, 1 author, trial NCT04511650 (history) (RESCUE). Contact: dpaggiarino@eyepointpharma.com.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org October 2026 USA Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Peru Philippines Vietnam Japan Argentina Nepal Iran Bangladesh Ethiopia Ghana Germany Mexico South Korea United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland Uzbekistan India China Venezuela DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Egypt Nigeria Taiwan Fiji Zambia Bosnia-Herzegovina Jordan Georgia Switzerland Dominican Republic Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Iceland New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Czechia Belarus Israel Haiti North Macedonia Hong Kong Qatar Panama Serbia USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org October 2026 USA Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Myanmar South Africa Peru Philippines Vietnam Japan Argentina Nepal Iran Bangladesh Ethiopia Ghana Germany Mexico South Korea United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland Uzbekistan India China Venezuela DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Egypt Taiwan Fiji Zambia Jordan Georgia Switzerland Dominican Rep. Bolivia Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Togo Sri Lanka Bulgaria Greece Slovakia New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Mongolia Czechia Belarus Israel North Macedonia Hong Kong Qatar Panama Serbia USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
Razuprotafib (AKB-9778) is a small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) administered via subcutaneous injection. By inhibiting VE-PTP, the drug restores Tie2 receptor signaling, which promotes vascular stability and reduces endothelial permeability.
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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