Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Dose Escalation and Proof-of-Concept Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Razuprotafib in Hospitalized Subjects With Coronavirus Disease 2019

Paggiarino et al., NCT04511650, RESCUE, NCT04511650, Feb 2021
Mortality -5% improvement lower risk ← → higher risk Death or respiratory.. -178% Discharge -469% Razuprotafib  RESCUE  LATE TREATMENT RCT Is late treatment with razuprotafib beneficial for COVID-19? Double-blind RCT 31 patients in the USA Higher progression (p=0.37) and lower discharge (p=0.28), not sig. c19early.org Paggiarino et al., NCT04511650, February 2021 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ RR
RCT 29 patients showing no significant differences with razuprotafib treatment.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, the USA, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. Only expensive, high-profit treatments were approved for early treatment. Low-cost treatments were excluded, reducing the probability of early treatment due to access and cost barriers, and eliminating complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments.
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risk of death, 5.3% higher, RR 1.05, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 19 (10.5%), control 1 of 10 (10.0%).
death or respiratory failure, 177.8% higher, RR 2.78, p = 0.37, treatment 5 of 18 (27.8%), control 1 of 10 (10.0%), day 28.
risk of no hospital discharge, 468.7% higher, RR 5.69, p = 0.28, treatment 3 of 16 (18.8%), control 0 of 9 (0.0%), continuity correction due to zero event (with reciprocal of the contrasting arm).
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Paggiarino et al., 26 Feb 2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, preprint, 1 author, trial NCT04511650 (history) (RESCUE). Contact: dpaggiarino@eyepointpharma.com.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org December 2025 USA Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Canada China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore Iceland New Zealand Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia CAR USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org December 2025 USA Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Canada China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore New Zealand Malawi Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia Syria USA favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
Razuprotafib (AKB-9778) is a small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP) administered via subcutaneous injection. By inhibiting VE-PTP, the drug restores Tie2 receptor signaling, which promotes vascular stability and reduces endothelial permeability.
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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