Supplementary Data — Ibuprofen for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 14 studies

October 2026

Ibuprofen COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Rinott−21%1.21 · 0.33–4.38death3/879/316 Rinott−12%1.12 · 0.37–3.34ventilation4/8713/316 Rinott−40%1.40 · 0.51–3.81ICU5/8713/316 Abu Esba−170%2.70 · 0.33–22.00death1/4011/357 Abu Esba37%0.63 · 0.07–5.44death40 (n)357 (n) Abu Esba−45%1.45 · 0.44–4.81oxygen40 (n)357 (n) Abu Esba−18%1.18 · 0.59–2.36hosp.40 (n)357 (n) Abu Esba−85%1.85 · 0.42–8.13severe case40 (n)357 (n) Vasilkova38%0.62 · 0.23–1.68ICU5/288/28OT1 Vasilkova16%0.84 · 0.64–1.11progression28 (n)28 (n)OT1 Sobhy (DB RCT)52%0.48 · 0.24–0.95ICU10/9021/90OT1 Sobhy (DB RCT)52%0.48 · 0.24–0.95oxygen10/9021/90OT1 Sobhy (DB RCT)26%0.74 · 0.58–0.94hosp. time90 (n)90 (n)OT1 Sobhy (DB RCT)25%0.75 · 0.17–3.26no recov.3/904/90OT1 Sobhy (DB RCT)43%0.57 · 0.25–1.29no recov.8/9014/90OT1 Sobhy (DB RCT)48%0.52 · 0.28–0.95no recov.13/9025/90OT1 Sobhy (DB RCT)41%0.59 · 0.37–0.94no recov.20/9034/90OT1 Choi (PSM)−240%3.40 · 0.64–18.13progressioncase-control study Samimagham−100%2.00 · 1.33–3.02death63 (n)95 (n) Samimagham−428%5.28 · 1.82–15.30severe case14/634/95 Samimagham−13%1.13 · 1.02–1.25progression60/6380/95 Kragholm4%0.96 · 0.72–1.23progression264 (n)3,738 (n) Wong−23%1.23 · 0.90–1.68deathpopulation-based cohort Wong17%0.83 · 0.56–1.25deathpopulation-based cohort Reese (PSM)9%0.91 · 0.62–1.35death5,737 (n)5,737 (n) Reese (PSM)−303%4.03 · 3.69–4.40severe case5,737 (n)5,737 (n) Drake10%0.90 · 0.71–1.13deathn/an/a Leal3%0.97 · 0.94–1.00casesn/an/a Campbell (PSW)0%1.00 · 0.99–1.01death1,814 (n)20,311 (n) Campbell (PSW)1%0.99 · 0.98–1.00death1,814 (n)20,311 (n) Xie−12%1.12 · 0.92–1.38hosp.population-based cohortOT1 Xie−8%1.08 · 0.95–1.22casespopulation-based cohortOT1 Loucera48%0.52 · 0.34–0.78death519 (n)15,449 (n)
00.511.52+
1 OT: comparison with other treatment
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← Ibuprofen
reduces risk
Ibuprofen
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.