Supplementary Data — Ibuprofen for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 13 studies

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 11V11
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rinott -21% 1.21 [0.33-4.38] death 3/87 9/316 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Rinott -12% 1.12 [0.37-3.34] ventilation 4/87 13/316 Rinott -40% 1.40 [0.51-3.81] ICU 5/87 13/316 Abu Esba -170% 2.70 [0.33-22.0] death 1/40 11/357 Abu Esba 37% 0.63 [0.07-5.44] death 40 (n) 357 (n) Abu Esba -45% 1.45 [0.44-4.81] oxygen 40 (n) 357 (n) Abu Esba -18% 1.18 [0.59-2.36] hosp. 40 (n) 357 (n) Abu Esba -85% 1.85 [0.42-8.13] severe case 40 (n) 357 (n) Sobhy (DB RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.24-0.95] ICU 10/90 21/90 OT​1​ Sobhy (DB RCT) 52% 0.48 [0.24-0.95] oxygen 10/90 21/90 OT​1​ Sobhy (DB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.58-0.94] hosp. time 90 (n) 90 (n) OT​1​ Sobhy (DB RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.17-3.26] no recov. 3/90 4/90 OT​1​ Sobhy (DB RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.25-1.29] no recov. 8/90 14/90 OT​1​ Sobhy (DB RCT) 48% 0.52 [0.28-0.95] no recov. 13/90 25/90 OT​1​ Sobhy (DB RCT) 41% 0.59 [0.37-0.94] no recov. 20/90 34/90 OT​1​ Choi (PSM) -240% 3.40 [0.64-18.1] progression case control Samimagham -100% 2.00 [1.33-3.02] death 63 (n) 95 (n) Samimagham -428% 5.28 [1.82-15.3] severe case 14/63 4/95 Samimagham -13% 1.13 [1.02-1.25] progression 60/63 80/95 Kragholm 4% 0.96 [0.72-1.23] progression 264 (n) 3,738 (n) Wong -23% 1.23 [0.90-1.68] death population-based cohort Wong 17% 0.83 [0.56-1.25] death population-based cohort Reese (PSM) 9% 0.91 [0.62-1.35] death 5,737 (n) 5,737 (n) Reese (PSM) -303% 4.03 [3.69-4.40] severe case 5,737 (n) 5,737 (n) Drake 10% 0.90 [0.71-1.13] death n/a n/a Leal 3% 0.97 [0.94-1.00] cases n/a n/a Campbell (PSW) 0% 1.00 [0.99-1.01] death 1,814 (n) 20,311 (n) Campbell (PSW) 1% 0.99 [0.98-1.00] death 1,814 (n) 20,311 (n) Xie -12% 1.12 [0.92-1.38] hosp. population-based cohort OT​1​ Xie -8% 1.08 [0.95-1.22] cases population-based cohort OT​1​ Loucera 48% 0.52 [0.34-0.78] death 519 (n) 15,449 (n) Ibuprofen COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 ​1​ OT: comparison with other treatment Favors ibuprofen Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.