Treating COVID-19 with Chloroquine
Mingxing Huang, Tiantian Tang, Pengfei Pang, Man Li, Ruolan Ma, Jiahui Lu, Jingxian Shu, Yingying You, Binghui Chen, Jiabi Liang, Zhongsi Hong, Huili Chen, Ling Kong, Dajiang Qin, Duanqing Pei, Jinyu Xia, Shanping Jiang, Hong Shan
Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjaa014
Treating COVID-19 with Chloroquine A novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged around December 2019 in Wuhan, China and has spread rapidly worldwide (Lu et al., 2020). Until March 27, 2020, the Chinese health authorities had reported 82082 confirmed COVID-19 cases in China with 3298 deaths and 381443 confirmed cases with 20787 deaths outside China. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the virus SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to a distinct clade from the human severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) (Zhu et al., 2020). At present, there is no effective therapy against this new virus. Identifying effective antiviral agents to treat the COVID-19 is of most urgency. Coronavirus relies on cellular machinery to replicate itself, thus providing a rationale to search for effective therapies among agents that may impact pathways required for the viral life cycle. The vesicular trafficking system plays a critical role in viral entry, unpacking, assembly, and packaging. Among agents that can interfere with normal vesicular trafficking are several drugs approved for human therapies. A well-known antimalaria drug, Chloroquine, stands out as one of the earliest reagents that can block vesicular trafficking and also interfere with the life cycle of parasites and viruses (Savarino
References
Delvecchio, Higa, Pezzuto, Chloroquine, an endocytosis blocking agent, inhibits Zika virus infection in different cell models, Viruses
Keyaerts, Vijgen, Maes, In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
Kono, Tatsumi, Imai, Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung cells (L132) by chloroquine: involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK, Antivir. Res
Lu, Stratton, Tang, Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: the mystery and the miracle, J. Med. Virol
Savarino, Di Trani, Donatelli, New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine, Lancet Infect. Dis
Wang, Cao, Zhang, Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro, Cell Res
Zhang, Yi, Li, Chloroquine inhibits endosomal viral RNA release and autophagy-dependent viral replication and effectively prevents maternal to fetal transmission of Zika virus, Antivir. Res
Zhou, Yang, Wang, A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature
Zhu, Zhang, Wang, A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, N. Engl. J. Med
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 5, 2]], 'date-time': '2024-05-02T12:58:29Z', 'timestamp': 1714654709577},
'reference-count': 10,
'publisher': 'Oxford University Press (OUP)',
'issue': '4',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 4, 2]],
'date-time': '2020-04-02T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1585785600000},
'content-version': 'vor',
'delay-in-days': 1,
'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/'}],
'funder': [ { 'name': 'National Mega Project on Major Infectious Disease Prevention',
'award': ['2017ZX10103011']},
{ 'DOI': '10.13039/501100003453',
'name': 'Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province',
'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
'award': ['2018A030313652']}],
'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False},
'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 18]]},
'DOI': '10.1093/jmcb/mjaa014',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': {'date-parts': [[2020, 3, 30]], 'date-time': '2020-03-30T11:07:28Z', 'timestamp': 1585566448000},
'page': '322-325',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 174,
'title': 'Treating COVID-19 with Chloroquine',
'prefix': '10.1093',
'volume': '12',
'author': [ { 'given': 'Mingxing',
'family': 'Huang',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated '
'Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai 519000, China'},
{ 'name': 'Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The '
'Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai '
'519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Tiantian',
'family': 'Tang',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sun '
'Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou '
'510120, China'},
{ 'name': 'Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, '
'Guangzhou 510120, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Pengfei',
'family': 'Pang',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The '
'Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai '
'519000, China'},
{ 'name': 'Interventional Medical Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, '
'Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Man',
'family': 'Li',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The '
'Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai '
'519000, China'},
{ 'name': 'Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated '
'Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Ruolan',
'family': 'Ma',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy '
'of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China'},
{ 'name': 'University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, '
'China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Jiahui',
'family': 'Lu',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated '
'Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Jingxian',
'family': 'Shu',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun '
'Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Yingying',
'family': 'You',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Stomatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun '
'Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Binghui',
'family': 'Chen',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun '
'Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Jiabi',
'family': 'Liang',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun '
'Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Zhongsi',
'family': 'Hong',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated '
'Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Huili',
'family': 'Chen',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated '
'Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Ling',
'family': 'Kong',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, '
'Guangzhou 510700, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Dajiang',
'family': 'Qin',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, '
'Guangzhou 510700, China'},
{ 'name': 'Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy '
'of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Duanqing',
'family': 'Pei',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, '
'Guangzhou 510700, China'},
{ 'name': 'Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy '
'of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Jinyu',
'family': 'Xia',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated '
'Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), Zhuhai 519000, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Shanping',
'family': 'Jiang',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Sun '
'Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou '
'510120, China'},
{ 'name': 'Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, '
'Guangzhou 510120, China'}]},
{ 'given': 'Hong',
'family': 'Shan',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The '
'Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai '
'519000, China'},
{ 'name': 'Interventional Medical Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, '
'Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China'}]}],
'member': '286',
'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 4, 1]]},
'reference': [ { 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.3390/v8120322',
'article-title': 'Chloroquine, an endocytosis blocking agent, inhibits Zika virus '
'infection in different cell models',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Delvecchio',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Viruses'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref2',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '264',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085',
'article-title': 'In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by '
'chloroquine',
'volume': '323',
'author': 'Keyaerts',
'year': '2004',
'journal-title': 'Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref3',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '150',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.011',
'article-title': 'Inhibition of human coronavirus 229E infection in human epithelial lung '
'cells (L132) by chloroquine: involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK',
'volume': '77',
'author': 'Kono',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'Antivir. Res.'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref4',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '401',
'DOI': '10.1002/jmv.25678',
'article-title': 'Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: the mystery '
'and the miracle',
'volume': '92',
'author': 'Lu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J. Med. Virol.'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref5',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '67',
'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70361-9',
'article-title': 'New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine',
'volume': '6',
'author': 'Savarino',
'year': '2006',
'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect. Dis.'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref6',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '269',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0',
'article-title': 'Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged '
'novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro',
'volume': '30',
'author': 'Wang',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Cell Res.'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref7',
'author': 'World Health Organization.',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel '
'coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref7a',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '104547',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104547',
'article-title': 'Chloroquine inhibits endosomal viral RNA release and '
'autophagy-dependent viral replication and effectively prevents maternal '
'to fetal transmission of Zika virus',
'volume': '169',
'author': 'Zhang',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Antivir. Res.'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref8',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '270',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7',
'article-title': 'A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat '
'origin',
'volume': '579',
'author': 'Zhou',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Nature'},
{ 'key': '2020051804580989200_ref9',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '727',
'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2001017',
'article-title': 'A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019',
'volume': '382',
'author': 'Zhu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'N. Engl. J. Med.'}],
'container-title': 'Journal of Molecular Cell Biology',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'http://academic.oup.com/jmcb/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jmcb/mjaa014/33115584/mjaa014.pdf',
'content-type': 'application/pdf',
'content-version': 'am',
'intended-application': 'syndication'},
{ 'URL': 'http://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-pdf/12/4/322/33224388/mjaa014.pdf',
'content-type': 'application/pdf',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'syndication'},
{ 'URL': 'http://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article-pdf/12/4/322/33224388/mjaa014.pdf',
'content-type': 'unspecified',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 18]],
'date-time': '2020-05-18T08:58:32Z',
'timestamp': 1589792312000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://academic.oup.com/jmcb/article/12/4/322/5814655'}},
'subtitle': [],
'editor': [{'given': 'Jiarui', 'family': 'Wu', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 4, 1]]},
'references-count': 10,
'journal-issue': { 'issue': '4',
'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 4, 1]]},
'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2020, 5, 18]]}},
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjaa014',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['1759-4685'],
'subject': [],
'published-other': {'date-parts': [[2020, 4]]},
'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 4, 1]]}}
