Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Azvudine
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Famotidine
Favipiravir
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Molnupiravir
Monoclonals
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Paxlovid
Quercetin
Remdesivir
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
Top
Abstract
All vitamin A studies
Meta analysis
 
Feedback
Home
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchVitamin AVitamin A (more..)
Melatonin Meta
Metformin Meta
Antihistamines Meta
Azvudine Meta Molnupiravir Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Famotidine Meta Paxlovid Meta
Favipiravir Meta Quercetin Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Remdesivir Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Ivermectin Meta

All Studies   Meta Analysis    Recent:   

Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy

DiGuilio et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms23062995
Mar 2022  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF   All Studies   Meta AnalysisMeta
Vitamin A for COVID-19
42nd treatment shown to reduce risk in June 2023
 
*, now with p = 0.021 from 14 studies.
Lower risk for recovery and cases.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. * >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.
4,800+ studies for 95 treatments. c19early.org
Review of epithelial and endothelial barrier compromise and associated disease risk including COVID-19, and the potential benefits of vitamin A, vitamin D, and zinc for improving barrier function.
Reviews covering vitamin A for COVID-19 include1-4.
Review covers vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc.
DiGuilio et al., 10 Mar 2022, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
This PaperVitamin AAll
Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy
Katherine M Diguilio, Elizabeth Rybakovsky, Reza Abdavies, Romy Chamoun, Colleen A Flounders, Ariel Shepley-Mctaggart, Ronald N Harty, James M Mullin
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, doi:10.3390/ijms23062995
The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these micronutrients can induce cell-and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now exists in critical care-but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general-to consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
References
Abdelhamid, Luo, Retinoic Acid, Leaky Gut, and Autoimmune Diseases, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu10081016
Abioye, Bromage, Fawzi, Effect of micronutrient supplements on influenza and other respiratory tract infections among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ Glob. Health, doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003176
Al-Obaidi, Desa, Mechanisms of Blood Brain Barrier Disruption by Different Types of Bacteria, and Bacterial-Host Interactions Facilitate the Bacterial Pathogen Invading the Brain, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol, doi:10.1007/s10571-018-0609-2
Al-Sadi, Guo, Ye, Ma, TNF-α Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier Is Regulated by ERK1/2 Activation of Elk-1, Am. J. Pathol, doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.001
Al-Sadi, Guo, Ye, Rawat, Ma, TNF-α Modulation of Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability Is Mediated by NIK/IKK-α Axis Activation of the Canonical NF-κB Pathway, Am. J. Pathol, doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.016
Al-Sadi, Khatib, Guo, Ye, Youssef et al., Occludin regulates macromolecule flux across the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2011
Alam, Sarker, Wahed, Khatun, Rahaman, Enteric protein loss and intestinal permeability changes in children during acute shigellosis and after recovery: Effect of zinc supplementation, Gut, doi:10.1136/gut.35.12.1707
Almeida, Ricaño-Ponce, Kumar, Deelen, Szperl et al., Fine mapping of the celiac disease-associated LPP locus reveals a potential functional variant, Hum. Mol. Genet, doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt619
Alroy, Tight junctions adjacent to tumor stromal interface in human invasive transitional cell carcinomas, Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol, doi:10.1007/BF02889109
Amasheh, Andres, Amasheh, Fromm, Schulzke, Barrier Effects of Nutritional Factors, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04063.x
Ames, Grant, Willett, Does the High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in African Americans Contribute to Health Disparities?, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13020499
Anderson, Boucher, Lees, Franke, D'amato et al., Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47, Nat. Genet, doi:10.1038/ng.764
Antonetti, Barber, Khin, Lieth, Tarbell et al., Vascular permeability in experimental diabetes is associated with reduced endothelial occludin content: Vascular endothelial growth factor decreases occludin in retinal endothelial cells. Penn State Retina Research Group, Diabetes, doi:10.2337/diabetes.47.12.1953
Arnott, Kingstone, Ghosh, Abnormal Intestinal Permeability Predicts Relapse in Inactive Crohn Disease, Scand. J. Gastroenterol, doi:10.1080/003655200750056637
Arrieta, Madsen, Doyle, Meddings, Reducing small intestinal permeability attenuates colitis in the IL10 genedeficient mouse, Gut, doi:10.1136/gut.2008.150888
Asri, Rostami-Nejad, Rezaei-Tavirani, Razzaghi, Asadzadeh-Aghdaei et al., Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Celiac Disease, Middle East J. Dig. Dis
Assa, Vong, Pinnell, Avitzur, Johnson-Henry et al., Vitamin D Deficiency Promotes Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Intestinal Inflammation, J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu235
Assa, Vong, Pinnell, Rautava, Avitzur et al., Vitamin D Deficiency Predisposes to Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli-induced Barrier Dysfunction and Experimental Colonic Injury, Inflamm. Bowel Dis, doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000282
Assimakopoulos, Akinosoglou, De Lastic, Skintzi, Mouzaki et al., The Prognostic Value of Endotoxemia and Intestinal Barrier Biomarker ZO-1 in Bacteremic Sepsis, Am. J. Med. Sci, doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2019.10.006
Bae, Choe, Holick, Lim, Association of vitamin D status with COVID-19 and its severity, Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord, doi:10.1007/s11154-021-09705-6
Baker, Yin, Runswick, Stewart, Thompson et al., Peptidase allergen Der p 1 initiates apoptosis of epithelial cells independently of tight junction proteolysis, Mol. Membr. Biol, doi:10.1080/0968768021000061150
Baktash, Madhav, Coller, Randall, Single Particle Imaging of Polarized Hepatoma Organoids upon Hepatitis C Virus Infection Reveals an Ordered and Sequential Entry Process, Cell Host Microbe, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.02.005
Balda, Garrett, Matter, The ZO-1-associated Y-box factor ZONAB regulates epithelial cell proliferation and cell density, J. Cell Biol, doi:10.1083/jcb.200210020
Baltes, Nau, Lampen, All-trans retinoic acid enhances differentiation and influences permeability of intestinal Caco-2 cells under serum-free conditions, Dev. Growth Differ, doi:10.1111/j.1440-169x.2004.00765.x
Banks, The Blood-Brain Barrier Interface in Diabetes Mellitus: Dysfunctions, Mechanisms and Approaches to Treatment, Curr. Pharm. Des, doi:10.2174/1381612826666200325110014
Barmeyer, Fromm, Schulzke, Active and passive involvement of claudins in the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammatory diseases, Pflügers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol, doi:10.1007/s00424-016-1914-6
Barmeyer, Schulzke, Fromm, Claudin-related intestinal diseases, Semin. Cell Dev. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.006
Bates, Farr, Nicholls, Effect of Cotton, Hemp, and Flax Dust Extracts on Lung Permeability in the Guinea Pig, Exp. Lung Res, doi:10.3109/01902149509050834
Battistini, Ballan, Herkenhoff, Saad, Sun, Vitamin D Modulates Intestinal Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms22010362
Beatty, Puerta-Guardo, Killingbeck, Glasner, Hopkins et al., Dengue virus NS1 triggers endothelial permeability and vascular leak that is prevented by NS1 vaccination, Sci. Transl. Med, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3787
Ben Lagha, Yang, Trivedi, Masters, Grenier, A Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation protects against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced barrier dysfunction and enhances cell proliferation and migration in an in vitro gingival keratinocyte model, Arch. Oral Biol, doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105126
Benedicto, Molina-Jiménez, Barreiro, Maldonado-Rodríguez, Prieto et al., Hepatitis C virus envelope components alter localization of hepatocyte tight junction-associated proteins and promote occludin retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, Hepatology, doi:10.1002/hep.22465
Benedicto, Molina-Jiménez, Bartosch, Cosset, Lavillette et al., The tight junction-associated protein occludin is required for a postbinding step in hepatitis C virus entry and infection, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.00038-09
Bhat, Syed, Therachiyil, Nisar, Hashem et al., Claudin-1, A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms21020569
Blair, Kane, Clayburgh, Turner, Epithelial myosin light chain kinase expression and activity are upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease, Lab. Investig, doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700373
Bleau, Filliol, Samson, Lamontagne, Brain Invasion by Mouse Hepatitis Virus Depends on Impairment of Tight Junctions and Beta Interferon Production in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.01501-15
Boguniewicz, Leung, Atopic dermatitis: A disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation, Immunol. Rev, doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01027.x
Bortoluzzi, Lumpkins, Mathis, França, King et al., Zinc source modulates intestinal inflammation and intestinal integrity of broiler chickens challenged with coccidia and Clostridium perfringens, Poult. Sci, doi:10.3382/ps/pey587
Boutwell, Sivak, The Function and Mechanism of Promoters of Carcinogenesis, CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol
Briefel, Bialostosky, Kennedy-Stephenson, Mcdowell, Ervin et al., of the U.S. Population: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, J. Nutr, doi:10.1093/jn/130.5.1367S
Bruewer, Samarin, Nusrat, Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Apical Junctional Complex, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1196/annals.1326.017
Buddington, Wong, Howard, Paracellular Filtration Secretion Driven by Mechanical Force Contributes to Small Intestinal Fluid Dynamics, Med. Sci, doi:10.3390/medsci9010009
Buhner, Buning, Genschel, Kling, Herrmann et al., Genetic basis for increased intestinal permeability in families with Crohn's disease: Role of CARD15 3020insC mutation?, Gut, doi:10.1136/gut.2005.065557
Buse, Woo, Alexander, Cha, Reza et al., Transforming Growth Factor-α Abrogates Glucocorticoid-stimulated Tight Junction Formation and Growth Suppression in Rat Mammary Epithelial Tumor Cells, J. Biol. Chem, doi:10.1074/jbc.270.12.6505
Bzik, Medani, Baird, Winter, Brayden, Mechanisms of action of zinc on rat intestinal epithelial electrogenic ion secretion: Insights into its antidiarrhoeal actions, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01441.x
Bücker, Krug, Fromm, Nielsen, Fromm et al., Campylobacter fetusimpairs barrier function in HT-29/B6 cells through focal tight junction alterations and leaks, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1111/nyas.13406
Bücker, Krug, Moos, Bojarski, Schweiger et al., Campylobacter jejuni impairs sodium transport and epithelial barrier function via cytokine release in human colon, Mucosal Immunol, doi:10.1038/mi.2017.66
Bücker, Krug, Rosenthal, Günzel, Fromm et al., Aerolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila Perturbs Tight Junction Integrity and Cell Lesion Repair in Intestinal Epithelial HT-29/B6 Cells, J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1093/infdis/jir504
Bücker, Troeger, Kleer, Fromm, Schulzke, Arcobacter butzleriInduces Barrier Dysfunction in Intestinal HT-29/B6 Cells, J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1086/600868
Bücker, Zakrzewski, Wiegand, Pieper, Fromm et al., Zinc prevents intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by alpha-hemolysin-producing Escherichia coli 536 infection in porcine colon, Vet. Microbiol, doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108632
Callaghan, Ferrick, Rybakovsky, Thomas, Mullin, Epithelial barrier function properties of the 16HBE14o-human bronchial epithelial cell culture model, Biosci. Rep, doi:10.1042/BSR20201532
Camilleri, What is the leaky gut? Clinical considerations in humans, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, doi:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000778
Cantorna, Snyder, Arora, Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the microbial complexity, barrier function, and the mucosal immune responses to ensure intestinal homeostasis, Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol, doi:10.1080/10409238.2019.1611734
Cardoso-Silva, Delbue, Itzlinger, Moerkens, Withoff et al., Intestinal Barrier Function in Gluten-Related Disorders, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu11102325
Carr, Wright, Simmons, Epithelial Barrier Resistance is Increased by the Divalent Cation Zinc in Cultured MDCKII Epithelial Monolayers, J. Membr. Biol, doi:10.1007/s00232-010-9312-z
Cascio, Toto, Babini, De Maio, Sanguinetti et al., Structural determinants driving the binding process between PDZ domain of wild type human PALS1 protein and SLiM sequences of SARS-CoV E proteins, Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J, doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.014
Caviglia, Dughera, Ribaldone, Rosso, Abate et al., Serum zonulin in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A pilot study, Minerva Med, doi:10.23736/S0026-4806.18.05787-7
Chai, Zakrzewski, Günzel, Pieper, Wang et al., High-dose dietary zinc oxide mitigates infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets, BMC Vet. Res, doi:10.1186/1746-6148-10-75
Chan, Kok, Zhu, Chu, To et al., Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel humanpathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan, Emerg. Microbes Infect, doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902
Chang, Leong, Wasinger, Ip, Yang et al., Impaired Intestinal Permeability Contributes to Ongoing Bowel Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Mucosal Healing, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.056
Chatterjee, Zhang, Zhang, Lu, Xia et al., Overexpression of Vitamin D Receptor in Intestinal Epithelia Protects Against Colitis via Upregulating Tight Junction Protein Claudin 15, J. Crohn's Colitis, doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab044
Chen, Lu, Zhang, Sun, Vitamin D Receptor Deletion Leads to the Destruction of Tight and Adherens Junctions in Lungs, Tissue Barriers, doi:10.1080/21688370.2018.1540904
Chen, Ma, Zhu, Zuo, Zhang et al., Protective effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on ethanol-induced intestinal barrier injury both in vitro and in vivo, Toxicol. Lett
Cheng, Balbuena, Miller, Eroglu, The Role of β-Carotene in Colonic Inflammation and Intestinal Barrier Integrity, Front. Nutr, doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.723480
Chirayath, Gajdzik, Hulla, Graf, Cross et al., Vitamin D increases tight-junction conductance and paracellular Ca2+ transport in Caco-2 cell cultures, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.2.G389
Choudhry, Scott, Edgar, Sanger, Kelly, Reversal of Pathogen-Induced Barrier Defects in Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Contra-pathogenicity Agents, Dig. Dis. Sci, doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06121-9
Chung, Choi, Wang, Hallock, Wolgemuth, Aberrant distribution of junctional complex components in retinoic acid receptor alpha-deficient mice, Microsc. Res. Tech, doi:10.1002/jemt.20797
Ciccocioppo, Finamore, Ara, Di Sabatino, Mengheri et al., Altered Expression, Localization, and Phosphorylation of Epithelial Junctional Proteins in Celiac Disease, Am. J. Clin. Pathol, doi:10.1309/DTYRA91G8R0KTM8M
Clarke, Francella, Huegel, Weiser, Invasive Bacterial Pathogens Exploit TLR-Mediated Downregulation of Tight Junction Components to Facilitate Translocation across the Epithelium, Cell Host Microbe, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.012
Clarke, Marano, Soler, Mullin, Modification of tight junction function by protein kinase C isoforms, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00047-8
Cohen, Sekler, Hershfinkel, The zinc sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, controls proliferation and differentiation of colonocytes and thereby tight junction formation in the colon, Cell Death Dis, doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.262
Colgate, Haque, Dickson, Carmolli, Mychaleckyj et al., Delayed Dosing of Oral Rotavirus Vaccine Demonstrates Decreased Risk of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Associated with Serum Zinc: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Clin. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1093/cid/ciw346
Cong, Kong, Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease, Cell. Signal, doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485
Cowley, Weiss, Murine coronavirus neuropathogenesis: Determinants of virulence, J. NeuroVirol, doi:10.1007/BF03210848
D'incà, Di Leo, Corrao, Martines, D'odorico et al., Intestinal permeability test as a predictor of clinical course in Crohn's disease, Am. J. Gastroenterol, doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01444.x
Dancer, Parekh, Lax, D'souza, Zheng et al., Vitamin D deficiency contributes directly to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Thorax, doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206680
Das, Goswami, Das, Nag, Sreenivas et al., Comparative tight junction protein expressions in colonic Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and tuberculosis: A new perspective, Virchows Arch, doi:10.1007/s00428-012-1195-1
Davidson, Kritas, Butler, Stressed mucosa, Nutr. Support Infants Child. Risk
Davison, Marchbank, March, Thatcher, Playford, Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise-induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.134403
De Maio, Cascio, Babini, Sali, Della Longa et al., Improved binding of SARS-CoV-2 Envelope protein to tight junction-associated PALS1 could play a key role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, Microbes Infect, doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.08.006
De Medeiros, Pinto, De Almeida, Rêgo, Rodrigues et al., Modulation of Intestinal Immune and Barrier Functions by Vitamin A: Implications for Current Understanding of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections in Children, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu10091128
De Sá, Backert, Nattramilarasu, Mousavi, Sandle et al., Vitamin D Reverses Disruption of Gut Epithelial Barrier Function Caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Int. J. Mol. Sci
Diguilio, Rybakovsky, Valenzano, Lander, Manganiello et al., Modification of the Tight Junctional Barrier in Human Duodenal Mucosal by Oral Zinc Administration in a Patient-Based Study: RNA-Seq and Western Immunoblot Analyses, Am. J. Gastroenterol, doi:10.14309/01.ajg.0000778948.36588.82
Dodane, Kachar, Identification of Isoforms of G Proteins and PKC that Colocalize with Tight Junctions, J. Membr. Biol, doi:10.1007/s002329900020
Domazetovic, Iantomasi, Bonanomi, Stio, Vitamin D regulates claudin-2 and claudin-4 expression in active ulcerative colitis by p-Stat-6 and Smad-7 signaling, Int. J. Color. Dis, doi:10.1007/s00384-020-03576-0
Dong, Singh, Wei, Yao, Wang, Protective Effect of 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 on Pepsin-Trypsin-Resistant Gliadin-Induced Tight Junction Injuries, Dig. Dis. Sci, doi:10.1007/s10620-017-4738-0
Dong, Xie, Liu, Alteration of cell junctions during viral infection, Thorac. Cancer, doi:10.1111/1759-7714.13344
Drosten, Günther, Preiser, Van Der Werf, Brodt et al., Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030747
Du, Chen, Shi, Liu, Cao et al., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Protects Intestinal Epithelial Barrier by Regulating the Myosin Light Chain Kinase Signaling Pathway, Inflamm. Bowel Dis
Eichner, Augustin, Fromm, Piontek, Walther et al., In Colon Epithelia, Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Causes Focal Leaks by Targeting Claudins Which are Apically Accessible Due to Tight Junction Derangement, J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1093/infdis/jix485
Elias, Friend, Vitamin-A-induced mucous metaplasia. An in vitro system for modulating tight and gap junction differentiation, J. Cell Biol, doi:10.1083/jcb.68.2.173
Evans, Von Hahn, Tscherne, Syder, Panis et al., Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entry, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature05654
Fakhoury, Negrulj, Mooranian, Al-Salami, Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical aspects and treatments, J. Inflamm. Res, doi:10.2147/JIR.S65979
Fan, Tan, Jin, Lin, Xia et al., Supplemental lipoic acid relieves post-weaning diarrhoea by decreasing intestinal permeability in rats, J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr, doi:10.1111/jpn.12427
Farrell, Morgan, Rudolph, Hwang, Albert et al., Proton Pump Inhibitors Interfere with Zinc Absorption and Zinc Body Stores, Gastroenterol. Res, doi:10.4021/gr379w
Fasano, Not, Wang, Uzzau, Berti et al., a newly discovered modulator of intestinal permeability, and its expression in coeliac disease, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02169-3
Feng, Chen, Zeng, Xiao, Yan et al., Fecal microbiota from children with vitamin A deficiency impair colonic barrier function in germ-free mice: The possible role of alterative bile acid metabolites, Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111274
Fernandez-Robredo, González-Zamora, Recalde, Bilbao-Malavé, Bezunartea et al., Vitamin D Protects against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Human Retinal Cells, Antioxidants, doi:10.3390/antiox9090838
Filteau, Rollins, Coutsoudis, Sullivan, Willumsen et al., The Effect of Antenatal Vitamin A and β-Carotene Supplementation on Gut Integrity of Infants of HIV-Infected South African Women, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr, doi:10.1097/00005176-200104000-00014
Finamore, Massimi, Devirgiliis, Mengheri, Zinc Deficiency Induces Membrane Barrier Damage and Increases Neutrophil Transmigration in Caco-2 Cells, J. Nutr, doi:10.1093/jn/138.9.1664
Fink, Delude, Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction: A Unifying Theme to Explain the Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Dysfunction at the Cellular Level, Crit. Care Clin, doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2005.01.005
Fink, Intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability: Update on the pathogenesis of gut mucosal barrier dysfunction in critical illness, Curr. Opin. Crit. Care, doi:10.1097/00075198-200304000-00011
Fischer, Gluth, Pape, Wiedenmann, Theuring et al., Adalimumab prevents barrier dysfunction and antagonizes distinct effects of TNF-α on tight junction proteins and signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00183.2012
Folwaczny, Zinc and Diarrhea in Infants, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol, doi:10.1016/S0946-672X(97)80036-3
Franke, Mcgovern, Barrett, Wang, Radford-Smith et al., Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci, Nat. Genet, doi:10.1038/ng.717
Fraumeni, Hoover, Devasa, Kinlen, Epidemiology of Cancer
Freimuth, Philipson, Carson, The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol
Frey, Antonetti, Alterations to the Blood-Retinal Barrier in Diabetes: Cytokines and Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxid. Redox Signal, doi:10.1089/ars.2011.3906
Fries, Belvedere, Vetrano, Sealing the broken barrier in IBD: Intestinal permeability, epithelial cells and junctions, Curr. Drug Targets, doi:10.2174/1389450111314120011
Fujita, Sugimoto, Inatomi, Maeda, Osanai et al., Tight Junction Proteins Claudin-2 and -12 Are Critical for Vitamin D-dependent Ca2+ Absorption between Enterocytes, Mol. Biol. Cell, doi:10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0973
Gassler, Rohr, Schneider, Kartenbeck, Bach et al., Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with changes of enterocytic junctions, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol
Genser, Aguanno, Soula, Dong, Trystram et al., Increased jejunal permeability in human obesity is revealed by a lipid challenge and is linked to inflammation and type 2 diabetes, J. Pathol, doi:10.1002/path.5134
Gibson, Hess, Hotz, Brown, Indicators of zinc status at the population level: A review of the evidence, Br. J. Nutr, doi:10.1017/S0007114508006818
Gitter, Wullstein, Fromm, Schulzke, Epithelial barrier defects in ulcerative colitis: Characterization and quantification by electrophysiological imaging, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/gast.2001.29694
Gohari, Li, Navarro, Uzal, Mcclane et al., Effects of Claudin-1 on the Action of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin in Caco-2 Cells, Toxins, doi:10.3390/toxins11100582
Golebiewski, Liu, Javier, Rice, The avian influenza virus NS1 ESEV PDZ binding motif associates with Dlg1 and Scribble to disrupt cellular tight junctions, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.05070-11
Gonzales, Lucas, Verin, The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Mechanisms and Perspective Therapeutic Approaches, Austin J. Vasc. Med
González-Mariscal, Lechuga, Garay, Role of tight junctions in cell proliferation and cancer, Prog. Histochem. Cytochem, doi:10.1016/j.proghi.2007.01.001
Gorman, Buckley, Ling, Berry, Fear et al., Vitamin D supplementation of initially vitamin D-deficient mice diminishes lung inflammation with limited effects on pulmonary epithelial integrity, Physiol. Rep, doi:10.14814/phy2.13371
Gorodeski, Eckert, Pal, Utian, Rorke, Retinoids regulate tight junctional resistance of cultured human cervical cells, Am. J. Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.5.C1707
Gorodeski, Pal, Rorke, Eckert, Burfeind, Retinoids modulate P2Upurinergic receptor-mediated changes in transcervical paracellular permeability, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.4.C1108
Goswami, Das, Verma, Prakash, Das et al., Are alterations of tight junctions at molecular and ultrastructural level different in duodenal biopsies of patients with celiac disease and Crohn's disease?, Virchows Arch, doi:10.1007/s00428-014-1651-1
Grilli, Tugnoli, Vitari, Domeneghini, Morlacchini et al., Low doses of microencapsulated zinc oxide improve performance and modulate the ileum architecture, inflammatory cytokines and tight junctions expression of weaned pigs, Animals, doi:10.1017/S1751731115001329
Groeger, Jarzina, Windhorst, Meyle, Influence of retinoic acid on human gingival epithelial barriers, J. Periodontal Res, doi:10.1111/jre.12351
Gu, Mei, Zhao, Sepsis and Cerebral Dysfunction: BBB Damage, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Autophagy as Key Mediators and the Potential Therapeutic Approaches, Neurotox. Res, doi:10.1007/s12640-020-00270-5
Gubatan, Moss, Vitamin D in inflammatory bowel disease: More than just a supplement, Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol, doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000449
Gupta, Read, Shackel, Hebbard, George et al., The Role of Micronutrients in the Infection and Subsequent Response to Hepatitis C Virus, Cells, doi:10.3390/cells8060603
Guthrie, Aydemir, Troche, Martin, Chang et al., Influence of ZIP14 (slc39A14) on intestinal zinc processing and barrier function, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00021.2014
Haber, Cuzic, Dominis Kramaric, Hrvacic, Polancec et al., Claudin expression in animal models of IBD and human disease, New Horiz. Transl. Med, doi:10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.040
Hambidge, Zinc and diarrhea, Acta Paediatr. Suppl, doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12377.x
Hara, Konishi, Kasai, Contribution of the cecum and colon to zinc absorption in rats, J. Nutr, doi:10.1093/jn/130.1.83
Hatakeyama, Ishida, Takeda, Changes in cell characteristics due to retinoic acid; specifically, a decrease in the expression of claudin-1 and increase in claudin-4 within tight junctions in stratified oral keratinocytes, J. Periodontal Res
Hawkins, Lundeen, Norwood, Brooks, Egleton, Increased blood-brain barrier permeability and altered tight junctions in experimental diabetes in the rat: Contribution of hyperglycaemia and matrix metalloproteinases, Diabetologia, doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0485-z
He, Hu, Xiao, Wu, Zhou et al., Vitamin A prevents lipopolysaccharideinduced injury on tight junctions in mice, Food Sci. Nutr, doi:10.1002/fsn3.1481
He, Yuan, Zuo, Li, Sun et al., Berberine induces ZIP14 expression and modulates zinc redistribution to protect intestinal mucosal barrier during polymicrobial sepsis, Life Sci, doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116697
Heinemann, Schuetz, Structural Features of Tight-Junction Proteins, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms20236020
Heller, Florian, Bojarski, Richter, Christ et al., Interleukin-13 Is the Key Effector Th2 Cytokine in Ulcerative Colitis That Affects Epithelial Tight Junctions, Apoptosis, and Cell Restitution, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1016/j.gastro.2005.05.002
Henriquez, Bs, Hoddeson, Parkos, Nusrat et al., House dust mite allergen Der p 1 effects on sinonasal epithelial tight junctions, Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol, doi:10.1002/alr.21168
Hering, Richter, Krug, Günzel, Fromm et al., Yersinia enterocolitica induces epithelial barrier dysfunction through regional tight junction changes in colonic HT-29/B6 cell monolayers, Lab. Investig, doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.180
Hering, Schulzke, Therapeutic Options to Modulate Barrier Defects in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Dig. Dis, doi:10.1159/000233283
Hetta, Muhammad, El-Masry, Taha, Ahmed et al., The interplay between vitamin D and COVID-19: Protective or bystander?, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci
Hinck, Näthke, Changes in cell and tissue organization in cancer of the breast and colon, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol, doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2013.11.003
Hollander, Crohn's disease-a permeability disorder of the tight junction?, Gut, doi:10.1136/gut.29.12.1621
Hollander, Kaunitz, Leaky Gut": Tight Junctions but Loose Associations?, Dig. Dis. Sci, doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05777-2
Hollander, Vadheim, Brettholz, Petersen, Delahunty et al., Increased Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Crohn's Disease and Their Relatives. A possible etiologic factor, Ann. Intern. Med, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-105-6-883
Hollon, Puppa, Greenwald, Goldberg, Guerrerio et al., Effect of Gliadin on Permeability of Intestinal Biopsy Explants from Celiac Disease Patients and Patients with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity, Nutrients
Horton, Wright, Smith, Hinton, Robertson, Increased intestinal permeability to oral chromium (51Cr)-EDTA in human Type 2 diabetes, Diabet. Med, doi:10.1111/dme.12360
Hu, Song, Li, Luan, Zhu, Diosmectite-zinc oxide composite improves intestinal barrier function, modulates expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction protein in early weaned pigs, Br. J. Nutr
Huang, Mao, Shi, Cong, Zhang et al., Disruption of tight junctions contributes to hyposalivation of salivary glands in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes, J. Anat, doi:10.1111/joa.13203
Huang, Wang, Li, Ren, Zhao et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Huang, Yang, Meyenhofer, Gould, Boccabella, Disruption of Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cell Tight Junctions and Regression of Spermatogenesis in Vitamin-A-Defícient Rats, Acta Anat, doi:10.1159/000146606
Hugot, Chamaillard, Zouali, Lesage, Cézard et al., Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease, Nature, doi:10.1038/35079107
Irvine, Marshall, Increased intestinal permeability precedes the onset of Crohn's disease in a subject with familial risk, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/gast.2000.20231
Ismail, Morales, Effects of vitamin A deficiency on the inter?Sertoli cell tight junctions and on the germ cell population, Microsc. Res. Tech, doi:10.1002/jemt.1070200106
Iwaya, Kashiwaya, Shinoki, Lee, Hayashi et al., Marginal Zinc Deficiency Exacerbates Experimental Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium in Rats, J. Nutr, doi:10.3945/jn.111.138180
Jacquillet, Barbier, Cougnon, Tauc, Namorado et al., Zinc protects renal function during cadmium intoxication in the rat, Am. J. Physiol. Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00366.2004
Jauregi-Miguel, Fernandez-Jimenez, Irastorza, Plaza-Izurieta, Vitoria et al., Alteration of Tight Junction Gene Expression in Celiac Disease, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr, doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000338
Jesaitis, Goodenough, Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of ZO-2, a tight junction protein homologous to ZO-1 and the Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor protein, J. Cell Biol, doi:10.1083/jcb.124.6.949
Jiang, Kaili, Freeman, Lei, Geng et al., Diabetes inhibits corneal epithelial cell migration and tight junction formation in mice and human via increasing ROS and impairing Akt signaling, Acta Pharmacol. Sin, doi:10.1038/s41401-019-0223-y
Jiang, Zhou, Zhang, Liu, Wu et al., Vitamin A deficiency impairs intestinal physical barrier function of fish, Fish Shellfish Immunol, doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.056
Joshaghani, Amiriani, Vaghari, Besharat, Molana et al., Effects of omeprazole consumption on serum levels of trace elements, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol, doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.02.002
Joshi, Mehta, Jabber, Fan, Guidot, Zinc Deficiency Mediates Alcohol-Induced Alveolar Epithelial and Macrophage Dysfunction in Rats, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol, doi:10.1165/rcmb.2008-0209OC
Kage, Flodby, Zhou, Borok, Dichotomous roles of claudins as tumor promoters or suppressors: Lessons from knockout mice, Cell Mol Life Sci, doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03238-7
Karadas, Bücker, Sharbati, Schulzke, Alter et al., Arcobacter butzleri isolates exhibit pathogenic potential in intestinal epithelial cell models, J. Appl. Microbiol, doi:10.1111/jam.12979
Kellermann, Jensen, Bergenheim, Gubatan, Chou et al., Mucosal vitamin D signaling in inflammatory bowel disease, Autoimmun. Rev, doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102672
Kelly, Koltun, Increase in the Tight Junction Protein Claudin-1 in Intestinal Inflammation, Dig. Dis. Sci, doi:10.1007/s10620-011-1688-9
Klaassen, Hughes, Vogels, Schalkwijk, Van Noorden et al., Altered expression of genes related to blood-retina barrier disruption in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, Exp. Eye Res, doi:10.1016/j.exer.2009.01.006
Kladnitsky, Rozenfeld, Efrati, Zelikovic, Azulay-Debby, The claudin-16 channel gene is transcriptionally inhibited by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, Exp. Physiol, doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2014.083394
Kohl, Ashkenazi, Ben-Shaul, Bacher, Tight junctions of jejunal surface and crypt cells in celiac disease: A freezefracture study, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr
Kohno, Konno, Kojima, Role of Tricellular Tight Junction Protein Lipolysis-Stimulated Lipoprotein Receptor (LSR) in Cancer Cells, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms20143555
Kong, Zhang, Musch, Ning, Sun et al., Novel role of the vitamin D receptor in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol
Kruidenier, Kuiper, Lamers, Verspaget, Intestinal oxidative damage in inflammatory bowel disease: Semi-quantification, localization, and association with mucosal antioxidants, J. Pathol, doi:10.1002/path.1409
Kubota, Chiba, Takakuwa, Osanai, Tobioka et al., Retinoid X Receptor α and Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Mediate Expression of Genes Encoding Tight-Junction Proteins and Barrier Function in F9 Cells during Visceral Endodermal Differentiation, Exp. Cell Res, doi:10.1006/excr.2000.5113
Kucharzik, Walsh, Chen, Parkos, Nusrat, Neutrophil Transmigration in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated with Differential Expression of Epithelial Intercellular Junction Proteins, Am. J. Pathol, doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63051-9
Kumar, Gutierrez-Achury, Kanduri, Almeida, Hrdlickova et al., Systematic annotation of celiac disease loci refines pathological pathways and suggests a genetic explanation for increased interferon-gamma levels, Hum. Mol. Genet, doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu453
Kuo, Shen, Zuo, Shashikanth, Ong et al., Inflammationinduced Occludin Downregulation Limits Epithelial Apoptosis by Suppressing Caspase-3 Expression, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.058
Kyuno, Takasawa, Kikuchi, Takemasa, Osanai et al., Role of tight junctions in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr, doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183503
Lamberti, Walker, Chan, Jian, Black, Oral Zinc Supplementation for the Treatment of Acute Diarrhea in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu5114715
Lameris, Huybers, Kaukinen, Mäkelä, Bindels et al., Expression profiling of claudins in the human gastrointestinal tract in health and during inflammatory bowel disease, Scand. J. Gastroenterol, doi:10.3109/00365521.2012.741616
Lammers, Lu, Brownley, Lu, Gerard et al., Gliadin Induces an Increase in Intestinal Permeability and Zonulin Release by Binding to the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.023
Landy, Ronde, English, Clark, Hart et al., Tight junctions in inflammatory bowel diseases and inflammatory bowel disease associated colorectal cancer, World J. Gastroenterol, doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i11.3117
Langel, Paim, Alhamo, Lager, Vlasova et al., Oral vitamin A supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected gilts enhances IgA and lactogenic immune protection of nursing piglets, Vet. Res, doi:10.1186/s13567-019-0719-y
Larabi, Barnich, Nguyen, New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in IBD, Autophagy, doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1635384
Leda, Bertrand, Andras, El-Hage, Nair et al., Selective Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Zika Virus, Front. Microbiol, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02158
Lee, Hsieh, Huo, Yang, Lin et al., Active Vitamin D 3 Treatment Attenuated Bacterial Translocation via Improving Intestinal Barriers in Cirrhotic Rats, Mol. Nutr. Food Res, doi:10.1002/mnfr.202000937
Lee, Lau, Chusilp, Filler, Li et al., Protective effects of vitamin D against injury in intestinal epithelium, Pediatr. Surg. Int, doi:10.1007/s00383-019-04586-y
Li, Dong, Zhao, Song, Tang et al., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents toluene diisocyanate-induced airway epithelial barrier disruption, Int. J. Mol. Med, doi:10.3892/ijmm.2015.2214
Li, Gao, Cui, Yang, Liu et al., Retinoic Acid Facilitates Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression to Improve Intestinal Barrier Function through Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta, Cell. Physiol. Biochem, doi:10.1159/000479203
Liang, Yang, Tan, Dong, Chi et al., Dietary vitamin A deficiency reduces growth performance, immune function of intestine, and alters tight junction proteins of intestine for juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀× Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂), Fish Shellfish Immunol, doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.016
Lima, Soares, Lima, Mota, Maciel et al., Effects of Vitamin A Supplementation on Intestinal Barrier Function, Growth, Total Parasitic, and Specific Giardia spp Infections in Brazilian Children: A Prospective Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr, doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a96489
Liu, Li, Li, Wang, Li et al., Vitamin D3 induces vitamin D receptor and HDAC11 binding to relieve the promoter of the tight junction proteins, Oncotarget, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.17692
Liu, Meng, Wang, Xia, Wang, Vitamin D 3 mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress, tight junction damage and intestinal inflammatory response in yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol, doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108982
Liu, Milia, Warburton, Hill, Gaestel et al., Anthrax lethal toxin disrupts the endothelial permeability barrier through blocking p38 signaling, J. Cell. Physiol, doi:10.1002/jcp.22859
Liu, Shi, Du, Ge, Teng et al., Vitamin D treatment attenuates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis but not oxazolone-induced colitis, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/srep32889
Liu, Sun, Wang, Zhang, Zhao et al., Low vitamin D status is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Int. J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.077
Liu, You, Zhang, Yang, Chen et al., Effects of vitamin D3 on intestinal mucosal barrier of mice with severe burns, Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi
Lochbaum, Schilpp, Nonnenmacher, Frick, Dietl et al., Retinoic acid signalling adjusts tight junction permeability in response to air-liquid interface conditions, Cell. Signal, doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109421
Long, Mistry, Haslam, Barclay, Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0115-z
Lucas, Hadizamani, Gonzales, Gorshkov, Bodmer et al., Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs, Toxins, doi:10.3390/toxins12040223
Luettig, Rosenthal, Barmeyer, Schulzke, Claudin-2 as a mediator of leaky gut barrier during intestinal inflammation, Tissue Barriers, doi:10.4161/21688370.2014.977176
Luissint, Parkos, Nusrat, Inflammation and the Intestinal Barrier: Leukocyte-Epithelial Cell Interactions, Cell Junction Remodeling, and Mucosal Repair, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.008
Luo, Guo, Zhang, Xu, Gu et al., Tight Junction Protein Occludin Is a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Entry Factor, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.00202-17
Ma, Ende, Alvarado, Christensen, Kalish et al., Topical Vitamin D May Modulate Human Sinonasal Mucosal Responses to House Dust Mite Antigen, Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy
Ma, Iwamoto, Hoa, Akotia, Pedram et al., TNF-α-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NF-κB activation, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol
Maciel, Oriá, Braga-Neto, Braga, Carvalho et al., Role of retinol in protecting epithelial cell damage induced by Clostridium difficile toxin A, Toxicon, doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.07.010
Malik, Roscioli, Murphy, Ou, Bassiouni et al., Staphylococcus aureusimpairs the airway epithelial barrier in vitro, Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol, doi:10.1002/alr.21517
Mankertz, Amasheh, Krug, Fromm, Hillenbrand et al., TNFα up-regulates claudin-2 expression in epithelial HT-29/B6 cells via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling, Cell Tissue Res
Mankertz, Schulzke, Altered permeability in inflammatory bowel disease: Pathophysiology and clinical implications, Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol, doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32816aa392
Mariano, Cantaluppi, Stella, Romanazzi, Assenzio et al., Circulating plasma factors induce tubular and glomerular alterations in septic burns patients, Crit. Care, doi:10.1186/cc6848
Marin, Greenstein, Geller, Gordon, Aufses et al., A freeze fracture study of Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum: Changes in epithelial tight junction organization, Am. J. Gastroenterol
Martens, Seys, Alpizar, Schrijvers, Bullens et al., Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B disrupts nasal epithelial barrier integrity, Clin. Exp. Allergy, doi:10.1111/cea.13760
Martínez-Palomo, Ultrastructural modifications of intercellular junctions between tumor cells, Vitro, doi:10.1007/BF02616130
May, Sutherland, Meddings, Is small intestinal permeability really increased in relatives of patients with Crohn's disease?, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90638-S
Mchale, Garciarena, Fagan, Smith, Martin-Loches et al., Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Cell Leak Following Escherichia coli Attachment in an Experimental Model of Sepsis, Crit. Care Med, doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003219
Mcloughlin, Rochfort, Mcdonnell, Kerrigan, Cummins, Staphylococcus aureus-mediated blood-brain barrier injury: Anin vitrohuman brain microvascular endothelial cell model, Cell. Microbiol, doi:10.1111/cmi.12664
Meckel, Li, Lim, Kocherginsky, Weber et al., Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is inversely associated with mucosal inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.123786
Medigeshi, Hirsch, Brien, Uhrlaub, Mason et al., West nile virus capsid degradation of claudin proteins disrupts epithelial barrier function, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.02617-08
Meertens, Bertaux, Cukierman, Cormier, Lavillette et al., The tight junction proteins claudin-1, -6, and -9 are entry cofactors for hepatitis C virus, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.01977-07
Menard, Lebreton, Schumann, Matysiak-Budnik, Dugave et al., Paracellular versus Transcellular Intestinal Permeability to Gliadin Peptides in Active Celiac Disease, Am. J. Pathol, doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.019
Mercado, Valenzano, Jeffers, Sedlak, Cugliari et al., Enhancement of Tight Junctional Barrier Function by Micronutrients: Compound-Specific Effects on Permeability and Claudin Composition, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078775
Miranda, Martin-Tapia, Valdespino-Vazquez, Alarcon, Espejel-Nunez et al., Syncytiotrophoblast of Placentae from Women with Zika Virus Infection Has Altered Tight Junction Protein Expression and Increased Paracellular Permeability, Cells, doi:10.3390/cells8101174
Mishra, Prakash, Sreenivas, Das, Ahuja et al., Structural and Functional Changes in the Tight Junctions of Asymptomatic and Serology-negative First-degree Relatives of Patients with Celiac Disease, J. Clin. Gastroenterol, doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000436
Modhiran, Watterson, Muller, Panetta, Sester et al., Dengue virus NS1 protein activates cells via Toll-like receptor 4 and disrupts endothelial cell monolayer integrity, Sci. Transl. Med, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3863
Mohanty, Kamolvit, Hertting, Brauner, Vitamin D strengthens the bladder epithelial barrier by inducing tight junction proteins during E. coli urinary tract infection, Cell Tissue Res, doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03162-z
Molina-Jijón, Rodríguez-Muñoz, Namorado, Bautista-García, Medina-Campos et al., All-trans retinoic acid prevents oxidative stress-induced loss of renal tight junction proteins in type-1 diabetic model, J. Nutr. Biochem, doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.018
Morgan, Tickle, Sokol, Gevers, Devaney et al., Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment, Genome Biol, doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79
Movahedan, Afsharkhamseh, Sagha, Shah, Milani et al., Loss of Notch1 Disrupts the Barrier Repair in the Corneal Epithelium, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069113
Mullin, Epithelial Barriers, Compartmentation, and Cancer, Sci. STKE, doi:10.1126/stke.2162004pe2
Mullin, Snock, Effect of tumor necrosis factor on epithelial tight junctions and transepithelial permeability, Cancer Res
Mullin, Soler, Laughlin, Kampherstein, Russo et al., Chronic Exposure of LLC-PK1Epithelia to the Phorbol Ester TPA Produces Polyp-like Foci with Leaky Tight Junctions and Altered Protein Kinase C-α Expression and Localization, Exp. Cell Res, doi:10.1006/excr.1996.0244
Murphy, Yates, Atkinson, Barr, Dwyer, History of Nutrition: The Long Road Leading to the Dietary Reference Intakes for the United States and Canada, Adv. Nutr, doi:10.3945/an.115.010322
Muthuswamy, Li, Lelievre, Bissell, Brugge et al., but not ErbB1, reinitiates proliferation and induces luminal repopulation in epithelial acini, Nat. Cell Biol, doi:10.1038/ncb0901-785
Nakamura, Blechman, Tada, Rozovskaia, Itoyama et al., huASH1 protein, a putative transcription factor encoded by a human homologue of the Drosophila ash1 gene, localizes to both nuclei and cell-cell tight junctions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7284
Nascimento, Matheus, Oliveira, Tada, Collares-Buzato, High-Fat Diet Induces Disruption of the Tight Junction-Mediated Paracellular Barrier in the Proximal Small Intestine Before the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes and Endotoxemia, Dig. Dis. Sci, doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06664-x
Nava, Lopez, Arias, Islas, Gonzalez-Mariscal, The rotavirus surface protein VP8 modulates the gate and fence function of tight junctions in epithelial cells, J. Cell Sci, doi:10.1242/jcs.01425
Neu, Reverte, Mackey, Liboni, Tuhacek-Tenace et al., Changes in Intestinal Morphology and Permeability in the BioBreeding Rat Before the Onset of Type 1 Diabetes, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr, doi:10.1097/01.MPG.0000159636.19346.C1
Nielsen, Nielsen, Ejlertsen, Engberg, Günzel et al., Oral and Fecal Campylobacter concisus Strains Perturb Barrier Function by Apoptosis Induction in HT-29/B6 Intestinal Epithelial Cells, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023858
Noriega, Savelkoul, Vitamin D and Allergy Susceptibility during Gestation and Early Life, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13031015
Nutrition, Appropriate Dosing for Parenteral Nutrition: ASPEN Recommendations, American Society for Parenteral
Obenauer, Denson, Mehta, Su, Mukatira et al., Large-scale sequence analysis of avian influenza isolates, Science, doi:10.1126/science.1121586
Obert, Peiffer, Servin, Rotavirus-induced structural and functional alterations in tight junctions of polarized intestinal caco-2 cell monolayers, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.74.10.4645-4651.2000
Odenwald, Turner, Intestinal Permeability Defects: Is It Time to Treat?, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol
Ohnemus, Kohrmeyer, Houdek, Rohde, Wladykowski et al., Regulation of Epidermal Tight-Junctions (TJ) during Infection with Exfoliative Toxin-Negative Staphylococcus Strains, J. Investig. Dermatol, doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701070
Olson, Reuter, Scott, Morris, Wang et al., The primary defect in experimental ileitis originates from a nonhematopoietic source, J. Exp. Med
Osanai, Nishikiori, Murata, Chiba, Kojima et al., Cellular Retinoic Acid Bioavailability Determines Epithelial Integrity: Role of Retinoic Acid Receptor α Agonists in Colitis, Mol. Pharmacol, doi:10.1124/mol.106.029579
Oshima, Miwa, Joh, Changes in the expression of claudins in active ulcerative colitis, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol, doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05405.x
Ozutemiz, Aydin, Isler, Celik, Batur, Effect of omeprazole on plasma zinc levels after oral zinc administration, Indian J. Gastroenterol
Panchariya, Khan, Kuila, Sonkar, Sahoo et al., Zinc 2+ ion inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease and viral replication in vitro, Chem. Commun, doi:10.1039/D1CC03563K
Peeters, Geypens, Claus, Nevens, Ghoos et al., Clustering of increased small intestinal permeability in families with Crohn's disease, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70174-4
Peng, Deng, Chen, Li, Luo et al., The Effects of Dietary Porous Zinc Oxide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Inflammatory Cytokines and Tight Junction's Gene Expression in Early-Weaned Piglets, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol, doi:10.3177/jnsv.66.311
Petecchia, Sabatini, Usai, Caci, Varesio et al., Cytokines induce tight junction disassembly in airway cells via an EGFR-dependent MAPK/ERK1/2-pathway, Lab. Investig, doi:10.1038/labinvest.2012.67
Pizzuti, Bortolami, Mazzon, Buda, Guariso et al., Transcriptional downregulation of tight junction protein ZO-1 in active coeliac disease is reversed after a gluten-free diet, Dig. Liver Dis, doi:10.1016/j.dld.2004.01.013
Polak-Charcon, Shoham, Ben-Shaul, Tight Junctions in Epithelial Cells of Human Fetal Hindgut, Normal Colon, and Colon Adenocarcinoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst, doi:10.1093/jnci/65.1.53
Poritz, Garver, Green, Fitzpatrick, Ruggiero et al., Loss of the Tight Junction Protein ZO-1 in Dextran Sulfate Sodium Induced Colitis, J. Surg. Res, doi:10.1016/j.jss.2006.07.050
Poritz, Harris, None
Pozzi, Zent, ZO-1 and ZONAB Interact to Regulate Proximal Tubular Cell Differentiation, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, doi:10.1681/ASN.2010010061
Prasad, Discovery of Human Zinc Deficiency: Its Impact on Human Health and Disease, Adv. Nutr, doi:10.3945/an.112.003210
Prasad, Mingrino, Kaukinen, Hayes, Powell et al., Inflammatory processes have differential effects on claudins 2, 3 and 4 in colonic epithelial cells, Lab. Investig, doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700316
Prasad, Sajja, Naik, Cucullo, Diabetes Mellitus and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction: An Overview, J. Pharmacovigil
Prot-Bertoye, Houillier, Claudins in Renal Physiology and Pathology, Genes, doi:10.3390/genes11030290
Puerta-Guardo, Glasner, Espinosa, Biering, Patana et al., Flavivirus NS1 Triggers Tissue-Specific Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction Reflecting Disease Tropism, Cell Rep
Puerta-Guardo, Glasner, Harris, Dengue Virus NS1 Disrupts the Endothelial Glycocalyx, Leading to Hyperpermeability, PLoS Pathog, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005738
Pujol, Eugène, Martin, Nassif, Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with a polarized monolayer of epithelial cells, Infect. Immun, doi:10.1128/iai.65.11.4836-4842.1997
Pérez-Bosque, Amat, Polo, Campbell, Crenshaw et al., Spray-Dried Animal Plasma Prevents the Effects of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B on Intestinal Barrier Function in Weaned Rats, J. Nutr, doi:10.1093/jn/136.11.2838
Qayyum, Mohammad, Slominski, Hassan, Tuckey et al., Vitamin D and lumisterol novel metabolites can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication machinery enzymes, Am. J. Physiol. Metab, doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2021
Qi, Liang, Pan, Dong, Shen et al., Zinc contributes to acute cerebral ischemia-induced blood-brain barrier disruption, Neurobiol. Dis, doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.003
Qiu, Zhang, Yang, Li, Ma, Combined effect of vitamin C and vitamin D 3 on intestinal epithelial barrier by regulating Notch signaling pathway, Nutr. Metab, doi:10.1186/s12986-021-00576-x
Ranaldi, Caprini, Sambuy, Perozzi, Murgia, Intracellular zinc stores protect the intestinal epithelium from Ochratoxin A toxicity, Toxicol. Vitr, doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.012
Ranaldi, Ferruzza, Canali, Leoni, Zalewski et al., Intracellular zinc is required for intestinal cell survival signals triggered by the inflammatory cytokine TNFα, J. Nutr. Biochem, doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.06.020
Rearick, Jetten, Effect of substratum and retinoids upon the mucosecretory differentiation of airway epithelial cells in vitro, Environ. Health Perspect, doi:10.1289/ehp.8980229
Reims, Strandvik, Sjövall, Epithelial Electrical Resistance as a Measure of Permeability Changes in Pediatric Duodenal Biopsies, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr, doi:10.1097/01.mpg.0000232573.33526.f5
Retana, Sanchez, Perez-Lopez, Cruz, Lagunas et al., Alterations of Intercellular Junctions in Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells from Patients Undergoing Dialysis: Effect of Retinoic Acid, Perit. Dial. Int
Robenek, Schöpper, Fasske, Fetting, Themann, Structure and function of the junctional complement of spontaneous and transplanted murine mammary carcinomas, J. Submicrosc. Cytol
Robinson, Baker, Garrod, Peptidase allergens, occludin and claudins. Do their interactions facilitate the development of hypersensitivity reactions at mucosal surfaces?, Clin. Exp. Allergy, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01025.x
Rodrigues, Granger, Blood cells and endothelial barrier function, Tissue Barriers, doi:10.4161/21688370.2014.978720
Rodriguez, Darmon, Chappuis, Candalh, Blaton et al., Intestinal paracellular permeability during malnutrition in guinea pigs: Effect of high dietary zinc, Gut, doi:10.1136/gut.39.3.416
Rodríguez-Tirado, Maisey, Rodríguez, Reyes-Cerpa, Reyes-López et al., Neisseria gonorrhoeae induced disruption of cell junction complexes in epithelial cells of the human genital tract, Microbes Infect, doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2011.11.002
Rong, Liu, Effect of all-trans retinoic acid on the barrier function in human retinal pigment epithelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.080
Roselli, Finamore, Garaguso, Britti, Mengheri, Zinc Oxide Protects Cultured Enterocytes from the Damage Induced by Escherichia coli, J. Nutr, doi:10.1093/jn/133.12.4077
Roy, Behrens, Haider, Akramuzzaman, Mahalanabis et al., Impact of Zinc Supplementation on Intestinal Permeability in Bangladeshi Children with Acute Diarrhoea and Persistent Diarrhoea Syndrome, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr, doi:10.1097/00005176-199210000-00010
Runkle, Mu, Tight junction proteins: From barrier to tumorigenesis, Cancer Lett, doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.038
Ryan, Stephenson, Trehan, Shulman, Thakwalakwa et al., Zinc or Albendazole Attenuates the Progression of Environmental Enteropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol, doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.01.024
Rybakovsky, Buleza, Hoxha, Diguilio, Mccluskey et al., Spontaneous and cytokine-induced hole formation in epithelial cell layers: Implications for barrier function studies with the gingival cell culture, Gie-3B11, and other epithelial models, Trends Cell Mol. Biol
Rybakovsky, Valenzano, Deis, Diguilio, Thomas et al., Improvement of Human-Oral-Epithelial-Barrier Function and of Tight Junctions by Micronutrients, J. Agric. Food Chem, doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04203
Saito, Desai, Muthuswamy, Reinterpreting polarity and cancer: The changing landscape from tumor suppression to tumor promotion, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer, doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.12.001
Saka, Naruse, Matsumoto, Takeda, Onogi et al., Low Serum Zinc Concentration Is Associated with Infection Particularly in Patients with Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Medicated with Proton Pump Inhibitors, J. Ren. Nutr, doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2020.11.006
Sander, Cummins, Powell, Rapid disruption of intestinal barrier function by gliadin involves altered expression of apical junctional proteins, FEBS Lett, doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.066
Sarkar, Saha, Sheikh, Chakraborty, Aoun et al., Zinc ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunctions in shigellosis by reinstating claudin-2 and -4 on the membranes, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00092.2018
Sato, Kanazawa, Watada, Type 2 Diabetes and Bacteremia, Ann. Nutr. Metab, doi:10.1159/000479919
Satoh, Zhong, Isomura, Saitoh, Enomoto et al., Localization of 7H6 Tight Junction-Associated Antigen along the Cell Border of Vascular Endothelial Cells Correlates with Paracellular Barrier Function against Ions, Large Molecules, and Cancer Cells, Exp. Cell Res, doi:10.1006/excr.1996.0034
Sayeed, Turan, Stein, Wali, Vitamin D deficiency increases blood-brain barrier dysfunction after ischemic stroke in male rats, Exp. Neurol, doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.005
Schmitz, Barmeyer, Fromm, Runkel, Foss et al., Altered tight junction structure contributes to the impaired epithelial barrier function in ulcerative colitis, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70126-5
Schulzke, Bentzel, Schulzke, Riecken, Fromm, Epithelial Tight Junction Structure in the Jejunum of Children with Acute and Treated Celiac Sprue, Pediatr. Res, doi:10.1203/00006450-199804000-00001
Schulzke, Ploeger, Amasheh, Fromm, Zeissig et al., Epithelial tight junctions in intestinal inflammation, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04062.x
Schumann, Kamel, Pahlitzsch, Lebenheim, May et al., Defective tight junctions in refractory celiac disease, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06565.x
Schumann, Siegmund, Schulzke, Fromm, Celiac Disease: Role of the Epithelial Barrier, Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol, doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.006
Serfaty-Lacrosniere, Wood, Voytko, Saltzman, Pedrosa et al., Hypochlorhydria from short-term omeprazole treatment does not inhibit intestinal absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium or zinc from food in humans, J. Am. Coll. Nutr, doi:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718522
Shalayel, Al-Mazaideh, Aladaileh, Al-Swailmi, Al-Thiabat, Vitamin D is a potential inhibitor of COVID-19: In silico molecular docking to the binding site of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease Nsp15, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci
Shao, Lei, Wolf, Gao, Guo et al., Zinc Supplementation, via GPR39, Upregulates PKCζ to Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity in Caco-2 Cells Challenged by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium, J. Nutr
Shen, Turner, Role of Epithelial Cells in Initiation and Propagation of Intestinal Inflammation. Eliminating the static: Tight junction dynamics exposed, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00439.2005
Shepley-Mctaggart, Sagum, Oliva, Rybakovsky, Diguilio et al., SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) Protein Interacts with PDZ-Domain-2 of Host Tight Junction Protein ZO1, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251955
Shi, Liu, Fu, Xu, Wu et al., Vitamin D/VDR signaling attenuates lipopolysaccharideinduced acute lung injury by maintaining the integrity of the pulmonary epithelial barrier, Mol. Med. Rep, doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4685
Shi, Qian, Zhang, Jia, Liu et al., Low molecular weight heparin (nadroparin) improves placental permeability in rats with gestational diabetes mellitus via reduction of tight junction factors, Mol. Med. Rep, doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10868
Short, Kasper, Van Der Aa, Andeweg, Zaaraoui-Boutahar et al., Influenza virus damages the alveolar barrier by disrupting epithelial cell tight junctions, Eur. Respir. J, doi:10.1183/13993003.01282-2015
Shrestha, Uzal, Mcclane, The interaction of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with receptor claudins, Anaerobe, doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.04.011
Sizar, Khare, Goyal, Bansal, Givler et al., None
Skrovanek, Diguilio, Bailey, Huntington, Urbas et al., Zinc and gastrointestinal disease, World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol, doi:10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.496
Slifer, Blikslager, The Integral Role of Tight Junction Proteins in the Repair of Injured Intestinal Epithelium, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms21030972
Soderholm, Olaison, Peterson, Franzén, Lindmark et al., Augmented increase in tight junction permeability by luminal stimuli in the non-inflamed ileum of Crohn's disease, Gut, doi:10.1136/gut.50.3.307
Soler, Miller, Laughlin, Carp, Klurfeld et al., Increased tight junctional permeability is associated with the development of colon cancer, Carcinogenesis, doi:10.1093/carcin/20.8.1425
Solidoro, Bellocchia, Facchini, The immunobiological and clinical role of vitamin D in obstructive lung diseases, Minerva Med
Song, Ke, Xiao, Jiao, Hong et al., Diosmectite-zinc oxide composite improves intestinal barrier restoration and modulates TGF-β1, ERK1/2, and Akt in piglets after acetic acid challenge, J. Anim. Sci
Song, Xue, Liu, Wang, Liu, Effects of acute exposure to aluminum on blood-brain barrier and the protection of zinc, Neurosci. Lett, doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.081
Sosula, Retinal capillary junctions: Ultrastructural tight junction artefacts induced by sodium ions and membrane reduction in streptozotocin diabetes, Cell Tissue Res, doi:10.1007/BF00220007
Sowi Ńska, Morsy, Czarnowska, Oralewska, Konopka et al., Transcriptional and Ultrastructural Analyses Suggest Novel Insights into Epithelial Barrier Impairment in Celiac Disease, Cells, doi:10.3390/cells9020516
Steelant, Farre, Wawrzyniak, Belmans, Dekimpe et al., Impaired barrier function in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis is accompanied by decreased occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.050
Stephens, Farley, Pathogenic Events during Infection of the Human Nasopharynx with Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae, Rev. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1093/clinids/13.1.22
Stio, Retico, Annese, Bonanomi, Vitamin D regulates the tight-junction protein expression in active ulcerative colitis, Scand. J. Gastroenterol, doi:10.1080/00365521.2016.1185463
Strus, Gosiewski, Fyderek, Wedrychowicz, Kowalska-Duplaga et al., A role of hydrogen peroxide producing commensal bacteria present in colon of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease in perpetuation of the inflammatory process, J. Physiol. Pharmacol
Sturniolo, Di Leo, Ferronato, D'odorico, D'incà, Zinc Supplementation Tightens "Leaky Gut" in Crohn's Disease, Inflamm. Bowel Dis, doi:10.1097/00054725-200105000-00003
Sturniolo, Fries, Mazzon, Di Leo, Barollo et al., Effect of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in experimental colitis, J. Lab. Clin. Med, doi:10.1067/mlc.2002.123624
Sumitomo, Nakata, Higashino, Yamaguchi, Kawabata, Group A Streptococcus exploits human plasminogen for bacterial translocation across epithelial barrier via tricellular tight junctions, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/srep20069
Suzuki, Regulation of the intestinal barrier by nutrients: The role of tight junctions, Anim. Sci. J, doi:10.1111/asj.13357
Swift, Mukherjee, Rowland, Intercellular junctions in hepatocellular carcinoma, J. Submicrosc. Cytol
Szakál, Győrffy, Arato, Cseh, Molnár et al., Mucosal expression of claudins 2, 3 and 4 in proximal and distal part of duodenum in children with coeliac disease, Virchows Arch, doi:10.1007/s00428-009-0879-7
Tafazoli, Zeng, Estes, Magnusson, Svensson, NSP4 enterotoxin of rotavirus induces paracellular leakage in polarized epithelial cells, J. Virol, doi:10.1128/JVI.75.3.1540-1546.2001
Takai, Ikeda, Barrier Dysfunction Caused by Environmental Proteases in the Pathogenesis of Allergic Diseases, Allergol. Int, doi:10.2332/allergolint.10-RAI-0273
Takeuchi, Maiden, Bjarnason, Genetic aspects of intestinal permeability in inflammatory bowel disease, Novartis Found Symp
Talavera, Castillo, Dominguez, Gutierrez, Meza, IL8 release, tight junction and cytoskeleton dynamic reorganization conducive to permeability increase are induced by dengue virus infection of microvascular endothelial monolayers, J. Gen. Virol, doi:10.1099/vir.0.19652-0
Taïlé, Patché, Veeren, Gonthier, Hyperglycemic Condition Causes Pro-Inflammatory and Permeability Alterations Associated with Monocyte Recruitment and Deregulated NFκB/PPARγ Pathways on Cerebral Endothelial Cells: Evidence for Polyphenols Uptake and Protective Effect, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms22031385
Telgenhoff, Ramsay, Hilz, Slusarewicz, Shroot, Claudin 2 mRNA and Protein Are Present in Human Keratinocytes and May Be Regulated by All-trans-Retinoic Acid, Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol, doi:10.1159/000135637
Teoh, Siu, Chan, Schlüter, Liu et al., The SARS coronavirus E protein interacts with PALS1 and alters tight junction formation and epithelial morphogenesis, Mol. Biol. Cell, doi:10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0338
Teshima, Dieleman, Meddings, Abnormal intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease pathogenesis, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06612.x
Teshima, Goodman, El-Kalla, Turk, El-Matary et al., Increased Intestinal Permeability in Relatives of Patients with Crohn's Disease Is Not Associated with Small Bowel Ulcerations, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol, doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.02.028
Thomas, Converse, Berg, ZIP9, a novel membrane androgen receptor and zinc transporter protein, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol, doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.016
Thurnham, Northrop-Clewes, Mccullough, Das, Lunn, Innate Immunity, Gut Integrity, and Vitamin A in Gambian and Indian Infants, J. Infect. Dis, doi:10.1086/315912
Tobioka, Sawada, Zhong, Mori, Enhanced paracellular barrier function of rat mesothelial cells partially protects against cancer cell penetration, Br. J. Cancer, doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.378
Torres-Flores, Arias, Tight Junctions Go Viral!, Viruses, doi:10.3390/v7092865
Torres-Flores, Silva-Ayala, Espinoza, Lopez, Arias, The tight junction protein JAM-A functions as coreceptor for rotavirus entry into MA104 cells, Virology, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.016
Toto, Ma, Malagrinò, Visconti, Pagano et al., Comparing the binding properties of peptides mimicking the Envelope protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 to the PDZ domain of the tight junction-associated PALS1 protein, Protein Sci, doi:10.1002/pro.3936
Tran, Hawkes, Graham, Kitchen, Symonds et al., Zinc-Fortified Oral Rehydration Solution Improved Intestinal Permeability and Small Intestinal Mucosal Recovery, Clin. Pediatr, doi:10.1177/0009922814562665
Troisi, Venutolo, Terracciano, Carri, Di Micco et al., The Therapeutic use of the Zonulin Inhibitor AT-1001 (Larazotide) for a Variety of Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Curr. Med. Chem, doi:10.2174/0929867328666210104110053
Tsai, Ko, Hsiao, Pan, Chiou, Zinc sulfate improved the unbalanced T cell profiles in Der p-allergic asthma: An ex vivo study, Clin. Respir. J, doi:10.1111/crj.12563
Tudpor, Teerapornpuntakit, Jantarajit, Krishnamra, Charoenphandhu, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Rapidly Stimulates the Solvent Drag-Induced Paracellular Calcium Transport in the Duodenum of Female Rats, J. Physiol. Sci, doi:10.2170/physiolsci.RP002308
Tulic, Vivinus-Nébot, Rekima, Medeiros, Bonnart et al., Presence of commensal house dust mite allergen in human gastrointestinal tract: A potential contributor to intestinal barrier dysfunction, Gut, doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310523
Turpin, Lee, Raygoza, Garay, Madsen et al., Increased Intestinal Permeability Is Associated with Later Development of Crohn's Disease, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.005
Valenzano, Diguilio, Mercado, Teter, To et al., Remodeling of Tight Junctions and Enhancement of Barrier Integrity of the CACO-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cell Layer by Micronutrients, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133926
Valitutti, Fasano, Breaking Down Barriers: How Understanding Celiac Disease Pathogenesis Informed the Development of Novel Treatments, Dig. Dis. Sci, doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05646-y
Vancamelbeke, Vermeire, The intestinal barrier: A fundamental role in health and disease, Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol, doi:10.1080/17474124.2017.1343143
Vanek, Borum, Buchman, Fessler, Howard et al., Novel Nutrient Task Force; Parenteral Vitamin and Trace Element Working Group; American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). A Call to Action to Bring Safer Parenteral Micronutrient Products to the U.S. Market, Nutr. Clin. Pract, doi:10.1177/0884533615589992
Vanek, Borum, Buchman, Fessler, Howard et al., position paper: Recommendations for changes in commercially available parenteral multivitamin and multi-trace element products, Nutr. Clin. Pract, doi:10.1177/0884533612446706
Vecchio, Rathnayake, Stroud, Structural basis for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin targeting of claudins at tight junctions in mammalian gut, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1073/pnas.2024651118
Venugopal, Anwer, Szászi, Claudin-2: Roles beyond Permeability Functions, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms20225655
Vogelsang, Schwarzenhofer, Oberhuber, Changes in Gastrointestinal Permeability in Celiac Disease, Dig. Dis, doi:10.1159/000016886
Wan, Winton, Soeller, Taylor, Gruenert et al., The transmembrane protein occludin of epithelial tight junctions is a functional target for serine peptidases from faecal pellets of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Clin. Exp. Allergy, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.00970.x
Wan, Winton, Soeller, Tovey, Gruenert et al., Der p 1 facilitates transepithelial allergen delivery by disruption of tight junctions, J. Clin. Investig
Wang, Li, Wang, Wang, Yin et al., Dietary vitamin A affects growth performance, intestinal development, and functions in weaned piglets by affecting intestinal stem cells, J. Anim. Sci, doi:10.1093/jas/skaa020
Wang, Tsai, Kuo, Chen, Kao, Non-proteolytic house dust mite allergen, Der p 2, upregulated expression of tight junction molecule claudin-2 associated with Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway, J. Cell. Biochem, doi:10.1002/jcb.23067
Wang, Valenzano, Mercado, Zurbach, Flounders et al., Zinc enhancement of LLC-PK1 renal epithelial barrier function, Clin. Nutr, doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.05.001
Wang, Valenzano, Mercado, Zurbach, Mullin, Zinc Supplementation Modifies Tight Junctions and Alters Barrier Function of CACO-2 Human Intestinal Epithelial Layers, Dig. Dis. Sci, doi:10.1007/s10620-012-2328-8
Wang, Van Noten, Degroote, Romeo, Vermeir et al., Effect of zinc oxide sources and dosages on gut microbiota and integrity of weaned piglets, J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr, doi:10.1111/jpn.12999
Wang, Yao, Hu, Li, Vitamin D Improves Intestinal Barrier Function in Cirrhosis Rats by Upregulating Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression, Biomol. Ther, doi:10.4062/biomolther.2018.052
Wei, Burwinkel, Palissa, Ephraim, Schmidt, Antiviral activity of zinc salts against transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro, Vet. Microbiol, doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.019
Wei, Li, Du, Ge, Sun et al., Vitamin D Deficiency Exacerbates Colonic Inflammation Due to Activation of the Local Renin-Angiotensin System in the Colon, Dig. Dis. Sci, doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06713-5
Wen, Zhao, Liu, Chen, Wu et al., Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Development, and Intestinal Barrier-Related Gene Expression in Pekin Ducks, Biol. Trace Elem. Res
Wessels, Rolles, Slusarenko, Rink, Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19, Br. J. Nutr, doi:10.1017/S0007114521000738
Wiegand, Zakrzewski, Eichner, Schulz, Günzel et al., Zinc treatment is efficient against Escherichia coli α-haemolysin-induced intestinal leakage in mice, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/srep45649
Willott, Balda, Fanning, Jameson, Van Itallie et al., The tight junction protein ZO-1 is homologous to the Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor protein of septate junctions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, doi:10.1073/pnas.90.16.7834
Won, Sayeed, Peterson, Wali, Kahn et al., Vitamin D Prevents Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption via Vitamin D Receptor-Mediated NF-kB Signaling Pathways, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122821
Wyatt, Vogelsang, Hübl, Waldhoer, Lochs, Intestinal permeability and the prediction of relapse in Crohri's disease, Lancet, doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90882-H
Xiao, Cui, Liu, Chen, Wang et al., Vitamin A supplementation improves the intestinal mucosal barrier and facilitates the expression of tight junction proteins in rats with diarrhea, Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2018.06.007
Xiao, Li, Hu, He, Ai et al., Vitamin A and Retinoic Acid Exhibit Protective Effects on Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Regulating Intestinal Flora and Enhancing the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier, Arch. Med Res, doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.04.003
Xie, Wen, Zhao, Liu, Chen et al., Effect of zinc supplementation on growth performance, intestinal development, and intestinal barrier function in Pekin ducks with lipopolysaccharide challenge, Poult. Sci, doi:10.1016/j.psj.2021.101462
Xu, Li, Qin, Liu, Effect of tight junction protein of intestinal epithelium and permeability of colonic mucosa in pathogenesis of injured colonic barrier during chronic recovery stage of rats with inflammatory bowel disease, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med, doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.001
Xu, Waeckerlin, Urbanowski, Van Marle, Hobman, West Nile virus infection causes endocytosis of a specific subset of tight junction membrane proteins, PLoS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037886
Yamada, Kanda, Retinoic acid promotes barrier functions in human iPSC-derived intestinal epithelial monolayers, J. Pharmacol. Sci, doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2019.06.012
Yang, Cui, Li, Wang, Li et al., Clinical evaluation of vitamin D status and its relationship with disease activity and changes of intestinal immune function in patients with Crohn's disease in the Chinese population, Scand. J. Gastroenterol, doi:10.1080/00365521.2020.1844793
Yang, Tian, Chen, Mao, He et al., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by regulating cell cycle resumption in IPEC-J2 porcine epithelial cells, Microb. Pathog, doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105017
Yang, Zhu, Wu, Zhong, Shen et al., Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Increases Intestinal Permeability and Programs Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in BALB/C Mice, J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr, doi:10.1002/jpen.1820
Ye, Harty, Commandeur, Hunter, Binding of Streptococcus gordonii to oral epithelial monolayers increases paracellular barrier function, Microb. Pathog, doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.004
Yeung, Chiau, Cheng, Chan, Jiang et al., Effects of Vitamin D-Deficient Diet on Intestinal Epithelial Integrity and Zonulin Expression in a C57BL/6 Mouse Model, Front. Med, doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.649818
Yoo, Yim, Jung, Nam, Kim et al., Chronic type 2 diabetes reduces the integrity of the blood-brain barrier by reducing tight junction proteins in the hippocampus, J. Vet. Med. Sci, doi:10.1292/jvms.15-0589
Zeissig, Bürgel, Günzel, Richter, Mankertz et al., Changes in expression and distribution of claudin 2, 5 and 8 lead to discontinuous tight junctions and barrier dysfunction in active Crohn's disease, Gut, doi:10.1136/gut.2006.094375
Zhang, Guo, Supplemental zinc reduced intestinal permeability by enhancing occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) expression in weaning piglets, Br. J. Nutr, doi:10.1017/S0007114509289033
Zhang, Wu, Li, Meng, Tan et al., Protective Effect of Zinc Oxide and Its Association with Neutrophil Degranulation in Piglets Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev, doi:10.1155/2021/3055810
Zhang, Wu, Lu, Zhou, Zhou et al., Tight junction CLDN2 gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor, Sci. Rep, doi:10.1038/srep10642
Zhao, Gao, Zhu, Yang, Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus infection induces dramatic changes in the tight junctions and microfilaments of polarized IPEC-J2 cells, Virus Res, doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.014
Zhao, Li, Zhao, Lian, Hu et al., Prognostic Value of Plasma Tight-Junction Proteins for Sepsis in Emergency Department: An Observational Study, Shock, doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000524
Zhao, Ran, Jiang, Hu, Yu et al., Vitamin D Alleviates Rotavirus Infection through a Microrna-155-5p Mediated Regulation of the TBK1/IRF3 Signaling Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro, Int. J. Mol. Sci, doi:10.3390/ijms20143562
Zhao, Zhang, Wu, Li, Liu et al., Protective role of 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 in the mucosal injury and epithelial barrier disruption in DSS-induced acute colitis in mice, BMC Gastroenterol, doi:10.1186/1471-230X-12-57
Zhong, Enomoto, Tobioka, Konishi, Satoh et al., Sequential Decrease in Tight Junctions as Revealed by 7H6 Tight Junction-associated Protein during Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis, Jpn. J. Cancer Res, doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02366.x
Zhong, Li, Sun, Zhang, Zhang et al., Preventing Gut Leakiness and Endotoxemia Contributes to the Protective Effect of Zinc on Alcohol-Induced Steatohepatitis in Rats, J. Nutr, doi:10.3945/jn.115.216093
Zhong, Mcclain, Cave, Kang, Zhou, The role of zinc deficiency in alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00350.2009
Zhou, Zhang, Hu, Liu, Peng et al., Retinoic acid: A potential therapeutic agent for cryptorchidism infertility based on investigation of flutamide-induced cryptorchid rats in vivo and in vitro, Reprod. Toxicol, doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.063
Zhou, Zhong, Targeting the gut barrier for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease, Liver Res, doi:10.1016/j.livres.2017.12.004
Zhouguang, Zhang, Zheng, Ye, Zhu et al., Retinoic Acid Induced-Autophagic Flux Inhibits ER-Stress Dependent Apoptosis and Prevents Disruption of Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier after Spinal Cord Injury, Int. J. Biol. Sci, doi:10.7150/ijbs.13229
Zhu, Han, Li, Wang, Li et al., Claudin Family Participates in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer, Front. Immunol, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01441
Zhu, Lv, Chen, Wang, Wu et al., Dietary Zinc Oxide Modulates Antioxidant Capacity, Small Intestine Development, and Jejunal Gene Expression in Weaned Piglets, Biol. Trace Elem. Res, doi:10.1007/s12011-016-0767-3
Zolotarevsky, Hecht, Koutsouris, Gonzalez, Quan et al., A membrane-permeant peptide that inhibits MLC kinase restores barrier function in in vitro models of intestinal disease, Gastroenterology, doi:10.1053/gast.2002.34235
Zuo, Yang, Lu, Hu, Zhu et al., All-Trans Retinoic Acid Inhibits Human Colorectal Cancer Cells RKO Migration via Downregulating Myosin Light Chain Kinase Expression through MAPK Signaling Pathway, Nutr. Cancer, doi:10.1080/01635581.2016.1216138
Zwiers, Fuss, Leijen, Mulder, Kraal et al., Increased expression of the tight junction molecule claudin-18 A1 in both experimental colitis and ulcerative colitis, Inflamm. Bowel Dis, doi:10.1002/ibd.20695
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2022, 3, 11]], 'date-time': '2022-03-11T12:42:24Z', 'timestamp': 1647002544614}, 'reference-count': 402, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '6', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 3, 10]], 'date-time': '2022-03-10T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1646870400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'short-container-title': ['IJMS'], 'abstract': '<jats:p>The published literature makes a very strong case that a wide range of disease ' 'morbidity associates with and may in part be due to epithelial barrier leak. An equally large ' 'body of published literature substantiates that a diverse group of micronutrients can reduce ' 'barrier leak across a wide array of epithelial tissue types, stemming from both cell culture ' 'as well as animal and human tissue models. Conversely, micronutrient deficiencies can ' 'exacerbate both barrier leak and morbidity. Focusing on zinc, Vitamin A and Vitamin D, this ' 'review shows that at concentrations above RDA levels but well below toxicity limits, these ' 'micronutrients can induce cell- and tissue-specific molecular-level changes in tight ' 'junctional complexes (and by other mechanisms) that reduce barrier leak. An opportunity now ' 'exists in critical care—but also medical prophylactic and therapeutic care in general—to ' 'consider implementation of select micronutrients at elevated dosages as adjuvant therapeutics ' 'in a variety of disease management. This consideration is particularly pointed amidst the ' 'COVID-19 pandemic.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms23062995', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 3, 10]], 'date-time': '2022-03-10T16:46:47Z', 'timestamp': 1646930807000}, 'page': '2995', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': [ 'Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for ' 'Adjuvant Therapy'], 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '23', 'author': [ {'given': 'Katherine M.', 'family': 'DiGuilio', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Elizabeth', 'family': 'Rybakovsky', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Reza', 'family': 'Abdavies', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Romy', 'family': 'Chamoun', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Colleen A.', 'family': 'Flounders', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Ariel', 'family': 'Shepley-McTaggart', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-0414', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Ronald N.', 'family': 'Harty', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5285-7530', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'James M.', 'family': 'Mullin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2022, 3, 10]]}, 'reference': [ {'key': 'ref1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/jn/130.5.1367S'}, {'key': 'ref2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114508006818'}, {'key': 'ref3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04203'}, {'key': 'ref4', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10620-012-2328-8'}, {'key': 'ref5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114512005508'}, {'key': 'ref6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms20236020'}, {'key': 'ref7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/asj.13357'}, {'key': 'ref8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/genes11030290'}, {'key': 'ref9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms21030972'}, {'key': 'ref10', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/1759-7714.13344'}, {'key': 'ref11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485'}, {'key': 'ref12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10620-019-05777-2'}, {'key': 'ref13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114521000738'}, {'key': 'ref14', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1042/BSR20201532'}, {'key': 'ref15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.058'}, { 'key': 'ref16', 'first-page': '99', 'article-title': 'Spontaneous and cytokine-induced hole formation in epithelial cell ' 'layers: Implications for barrier function studies with the gingival ' 'cell culture, Gie-3B11, and other epithelial models', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Rybakovsky', 'year': '2018', 'journal-title': 'Trends Cell Mol. Biol.'}, {'key': 'ref17', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.016'}, {'key': 'ref18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.001'}, {'key': 'ref19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/labinvest.2012.67'}, { 'key': 'ref20', 'first-page': '2172', 'article-title': 'Effect of tumor necrosis factor on epithelial tight junctions and ' 'transepithelial permeability', 'volume': '50', 'author': 'Mullin', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Cancer Res.'}, {'key': 'ref21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/00075198-200304000-00011'}, {'key': 'ref22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ccc.2005.01.005'}, {'key': 'ref23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/joa.13203'}, {'key': 'ref24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12640-020-00270-5'}, { 'key': 'ref25', 'first-page': '1009', 'article-title': 'The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Mechanisms and Perspective ' 'Therapeutic Approaches', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Gonzales', 'year': '2015', 'journal-title': 'Austin J. Vasc. Med.'}, {'key': 'ref26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.4161/21688370.2014.978720'}, {'key': 'ref27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/cc6848'}, {'key': 'ref28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/SHK.0000000000000524'}, {'key': 'ref29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.amjms.2019.10.006'}, {'key': 'ref30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MOG.0b013e32816aa392'}, {'key': 'ref31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2147/JIR.S65979'}, {'key': 'ref32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gut.29.12.1621'}, {'key': 'ref33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04062.x'}, {'key': 'ref34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.4161/21688370.2014.977176'}, {'key': 'ref35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06612.x'}, { 'key': 'ref36', 'first-page': '151', 'article-title': 'Genetic aspects of intestinal permeability in inflammatory bowel ' 'disease', 'volume': '263', 'author': 'Takeuchi', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Novartis Found Symp.'}, {'key': 'ref37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.008'}, {'key': 'ref38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1196/annals.1326.017'}, {'key': 'ref39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.00439.2005'}, {'key': 'ref40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.001'}, {'key': 'ref41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fimmu.2019.01441'}, {'key': 'ref42', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3748/wjg.v22.i11.3117'}, {'key': 'ref43', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2174/1389450111314120011'}, {'key': 'ref44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/15548627.2019.1635384'}, { 'key': 'ref45', 'first-page': '537', 'article-title': 'A freeze fracture study of Crohn’s disease of the terminal ileum: ' 'Changes in epithelial tight junction organization', 'volume': '78', 'author': 'Marin', 'year': '1983', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Gastroenterol.'}, {'key': 'ref46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70126-5'}, {'key': 'ref47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/gast.2001.29694'}, {'key': 'ref48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05405.x'}, {'key': 'ref49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gut.2006.094375'}, {'key': 'ref50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00428-012-1195-1'}, {'key': 'ref51', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3109/00365521.2012.741616'}, {'key': 'ref52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.001'}, {'key': 'ref53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/ibd.20695'}, {'key': 'ref54', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.11.040'}, {'key': 'ref55', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.23736/S0026-4806.18.05787-7'}, {'key': 'ref56', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gut.2008.150888'}, {'key': 'ref57', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1084/jem.20050407'}, {'key': 'ref58', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jss.2006.07.050'}, {'key': 'ref59', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10620-011-1688-9'}, {'key': 'ref60', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63051-9'}, {'key': 'ref61', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gut.50.3.307'}, {'key': 'ref62', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/0140-6736(93)90882-H'}, {'key': 'ref63', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01444.x'}, {'key': 'ref64', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/003655200750056637'}, {'key': 'ref65', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.056'}, {'key': 'ref66', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.7326/0003-4819-105-6-883'}, {'key': 'ref67', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cgh.2017.02.028'}, {'key': 'ref68', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/0016-5085(93)90638-S'}, {'key': 'ref69', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70174-4'}, {'key': 'ref70', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.005'}, {'key': 'ref71', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/gast.2000.20231'}, {'key': 'ref72', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/ng.764'}, {'key': 'ref73', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/ng.717'}, {'key': 'ref74', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/35079107'}, {'key': 'ref75', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gut.2005.065557'}, {'key': 'ref76', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.G216'}, {'key': 'ref77', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.00173.2003'}, {'key': 'ref78', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00441-009-0751-8'}, {'key': 'ref79', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.gastro.2005.05.002'}, {'key': 'ref80', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/labinvest.3700373'}, {'key': 'ref81', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/gast.2002.34235'}, {'key': 'ref82', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.00183.2012'}, {'key': 'ref83', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/labinvest.3700316'}, {'key': 'ref84', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/path.1409'}, { 'key': 'ref85', 'first-page': '49', 'article-title': 'A role of hydrogen peroxide producing commensal bacteria present in ' 'colon of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease in perpetuation of ' 'the inflammatory process', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'Strus', 'year': '2009', 'journal-title': 'J. Physiol. Pharmacol.'}, {'key': 'ref86', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r79'}, { 'key': 'ref87', 'series-title': 'Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology', 'first-page': '196', 'article-title': 'Epidemiology of Cancer', 'author': 'Fraumeni', 'year': '1989'}, {'key': 'ref88', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.12.001'}, {'key': 'ref89', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ceb.2013.11.003'}, {'key': 'ref90', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/BF02616130'}, {'key': 'ref91', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/BF02889109'}, {'key': 'ref92', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/jnci/65.1.53'}, { 'key': 'ref93', 'first-page': '347', 'article-title': 'Structure and function of the junctional complement of spontaneous and ' 'transplanted murine mammary carcinomas', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'Robenek', 'year': '1981', 'journal-title': 'J. Submicrosc. Cytol.'}, { 'key': 'ref94', 'first-page': '799', 'article-title': 'Intercellular junctions in hepatocellular carcinoma', 'volume': '15', 'author': 'Swift', 'year': '1983', 'journal-title': 'J. Submicrosc. Cytol.'}, { 'key': 'ref95', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02366.x'}, {'key': 'ref96', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/carcin/20.8.1425'}, {'key': 'ref97', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1083/jcb.124.6.949'}, {'key': 'ref98', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.90.16.7834'}, {'key': 'ref99', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.97.13.7284'}, {'key': 'ref100', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00018-019-03238-7'}, {'key': 'ref101', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3109/10408447309025704'}, {'key': 'ref102', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1006/excr.1996.0244'}, {'key': 'ref103', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s002329900020'}, {'key': 'ref104', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00047-8'}, {'key': 'ref105', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1074/jbc.270.12.6505'}, {'key': 'ref106', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/ncb0901-785'}, {'key': 'ref107', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1126/stke.2162004pe2'}, {'key': 'ref108', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1681/ASN.2010010061'}, {'key': 'ref109', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1083/jcb.200210020'}, {'key': 'ref110', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms20143555'}, {'key': 'ref111', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms21020569'}, {'key': 'ref112', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.038'}, {'key': 'ref113', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.proghi.2007.01.001'}, {'key': 'ref114', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183503'}, {'key': 'ref115', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms20225655'}, {'key': 'ref116', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu11102325'}, { 'key': 'ref117', 'first-page': '229', 'article-title': 'Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Celiac Disease', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Asri', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Middle East J. Dig. Dis.'}, {'key': 'ref118', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10620-019-05646-y'}, {'key': 'ref119', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/17474124.2017.1343143'}, {'key': 'ref120', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.006'}, {'key': 'ref121', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00424-016-1914-6'}, {'key': 'ref122', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.006'}, {'key': 'ref123', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06565.x'}, {'key': 'ref124', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1159/000016886'}, {'key': 'ref125', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/hmg/ddu453'}, {'key': 'ref126', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/hmg/ddt619'}, {'key': 'ref127', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MPG.0000000000000338'}, { 'key': 'ref128', 'first-page': '57', 'article-title': 'Tight junctions of jejunal surface and crypt cells in celiac disease: A ' 'freeze-fracture study', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Kohl', 'year': '1987', 'journal-title': 'J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.'}, {'key': 'ref129', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1203/00006450-199804000-00001'}, { 'key': 'ref130', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/01.mpg.0000232573.33526.f5'}, {'key': 'ref131', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MCG.0000000000000436'}, {'key': 'ref132', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/cells9020516'}, {'key': 'ref133', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.00055.2011'}, {'key': 'ref134', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1309/DTYRA91G8R0KTM8M'}, {'key': 'ref135', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.dld.2004.01.013'}, {'key': 'ref136', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00428-014-1651-1'}, {'key': 'ref137', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00428-009-0879-7'}, {'key': 'ref138', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu7031565'}, {'key': 'ref139', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.023'}, {'key': 'ref140', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.066'}, {'key': 'ref141', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.019'}, {'key': 'ref142', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02169-3'}, { 'key': 'ref143', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2174/0929867328666210104110053'}, {'key': 'ref144', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0023858'}, {'key': 'ref145', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/nyas.13406'}, {'key': 'ref146', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/mi.2017.66'}, {'key': 'ref147', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms22168872'}, {'key': 'ref148', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1086/600868'}, {'key': 'ref149', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/jam.12979'}, {'key': 'ref150', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/labinvest.2010.180'}, {'key': 'ref151', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jir504'}, {'key': 'ref152', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108632'}, {'key': 'ref153', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/srep45649'}, {'key': 'ref154', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/jn/136.11.2838'}, {'key': 'ref155', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/srep20069'}, {'key': 'ref156', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/iai.65.11.4836-4842.1997'}, {'key': 'ref157', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.04.011'}, {'key': 'ref158', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/toxins11100582'}, {'key': 'ref159', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jix485'}, {'key': 'ref160', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.2024651118'}, {'key': 'ref161', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/clinids/13.1.22'}, {'key': 'ref162', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.012'}, {'key': 'ref163', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/alr.21517'}, {'key': 'ref164', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/cea.13760'}, {'key': 'ref165', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/sj.jid.5701070'}, {'key': 'ref166', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.micinf.2011.11.002'}, {'key': 'ref167', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/cmi.12664'}, {'key': 'ref168', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcp.22859'}, {'key': 'ref169', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/CCM.0000000000003219'}, {'key': 'ref170', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.micpath.2012.11.004'}, {'key': 'ref171', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2332/allergolint.10-RAI-0273'}, {'key': 'ref172', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10571-018-0609-2'}, {'key': 'ref173', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/toxins12040223'}, { 'key': 'ref174', 'first-page': '67', 'article-title': 'The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor', 'volume': '323', 'author': 'Freimuth', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.'}, {'key': 'ref175', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/v7092865'}, {'key': 'ref176', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.74.10.4645-4651.2000'}, {'key': 'ref177', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1242/jcs.01425'}, {'key': 'ref178', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.016'}, {'key': 'ref179', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.75.3.1540-1546.2001'}, {'key': 'ref180', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms20143562'}, {'key': 'ref181', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciw346'}, {'key': 'ref182', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1099/vir.0.19652-0'}, {'key': 'ref183', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3863'}, {'key': 'ref184', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3787'}, {'key': 'ref185', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.1005738'}, {'key': 'ref186', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.036'}, {'key': 'ref187', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.02617-08'}, {'key': 'ref188', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0037886'}, {'key': 'ref189', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/cells8101174'}, {'key': 'ref190', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fmicb.2019.02158'}, {'key': 'ref191', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/nature05654'}, {'key': 'ref192', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.01977-07'}, {'key': 'ref193', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/hep.22465'}, {'key': 'ref194', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.00038-09'}, {'key': 'ref195', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chom.2018.02.005'}, {'key': 'ref196', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/cells8060603'}, {'key': 'ref197', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41579-018-0115-z'}, {'key': 'ref198', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.1121586'}, {'key': 'ref199', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.05070-11'}, {'key': 'ref200', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1183/13993003.01282-2015'}, {'key': 'ref201', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003176'}, {'key': 'ref202', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/BF03210848'}, {'key': 'ref203', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.01501-15'}, {'key': 'ref204', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.014'}, {'key': 'ref205', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.00202-17'}, {'key': 'ref206', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/s13567-019-0719-y'}, {'key': 'ref207', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105017'}, {'key': 'ref208', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1155/2021/3055810'}, {'key': 'ref209', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/1746-6148-10-75'}, {'key': 'ref210', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.019'}, {'key': 'ref211', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902'}, {'key': 'ref212', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5'}, {'key': 'ref213', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa030747'}, {'key': 'ref214', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1091/mbc.e10-04-0338'}, {'key': 'ref215', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/pro.3936'}, {'key': 'ref216', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.micinf.2020.08.006'}, {'key': 'ref217', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.014'}, {'key': 'ref218', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0251955'}, {'key': 'ref219', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s11154-021-09705-6'}, {'key': 'ref220', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2021'}, { 'key': 'ref221', 'first-page': '2179', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D is a potential inhibitor of COVID-19: In silico molecular ' 'docking to the binding site of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease Nsp15', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'Shalayel', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.'}, {'key': 'ref222', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1039/D1CC03563K'}, {'key': 'ref223', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/BF00220007'}, {'key': 'ref224', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2337/diabetes.47.12.1953'}, {'key': 'ref225', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1089/ars.2011.3906'}, {'key': 'ref226', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.exer.2009.01.006'}, {'key': 'ref227', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41401-019-0223-y'}, { 'key': 'ref228', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2174/1381612826666200325110014'}, { 'key': 'ref229', 'first-page': '125', 'article-title': 'Diabetes Mellitus and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction: An Overview', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Prasad', 'year': '2014', 'journal-title': 'J. Pharmacovigil.'}, {'key': 'ref230', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms22031385'}, {'key': 'ref231', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1292/jvms.15-0589'}, {'key': 'ref232', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10620-020-06664-x'}, {'key': 'ref233', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00125-006-0485-z'}, {'key': 'ref234', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/path.5134'}, {'key': 'ref235', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/dme.12360'}, {'key': 'ref236', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1159/000479919'}, { 'key': 'ref237', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/01.MPG.0000159636.19346.C1'}, {'key': 'ref238', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3892/mmr.2019.10868'}, {'key': 'ref239', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.00970.x'}, {'key': 'ref240', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1172/JCI5844'}, {'key': 'ref241', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/0968768021000061150'}, {'key': 'ref242', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/alr.21168'}, {'key': 'ref243', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.050'}, {'key': 'ref244', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jcb.23067'}, {'key': 'ref245', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310523'}, {'key': 'ref246', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1177/1945892420905432'}, {'key': 'ref247', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3109/01902149509050834'}, {'key': 'ref248', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01025.x'}, {'key': 'ref249', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3945/an.112.003210'}, {'key': 'ref250', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1159/000098532'}, {'key': 'ref251', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/jn/138.9.1664'}, {'key': 'ref252', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.06.020'}, {'key': 'ref253', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3945/jn.111.138180'}, {'key': 'ref254', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.00021.2014'}, {'key': 'ref255', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.00350.2009'}, {'key': 'ref256', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1165/rcmb.2008-0209OC'}, { 'key': 'ref257', 'first-page': '216', 'article-title': 'Effect of omeprazole on plasma zinc levels after oral zinc ' 'administration', 'volume': '21', 'author': 'Ozutemiz', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'Indian J. Gastroenterol.'}, {'key': 'ref258', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.4021/gr379w'}, {'key': 'ref259', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/jn/130.1.83'}, {'key': 'ref260', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/07315724.1995.10718522'}, {'key': 'ref261', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.02.002'}, {'key': 'ref262', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1053/j.jrn.2020.11.006'}, {'key': 'ref263', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/10409238.2019.1611734'}, {'key': 'ref264', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.016'}, {'key': 'ref265', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.056'}, {'key': 'ref266', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1159/000479203'}, {'key': 'ref267', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0069113'}, {'key': 'ref268', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jemt.20797'}, {'key': 'ref269', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1159/000146606'}, {'key': 'ref270', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1289/ehp.8980229'}, {'key': 'ref271', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2018.06.007'}, {'key': 'ref272', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nut.2021.111274'}, {'key': 'ref273', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jemt.1070200106'}, {'key': 'ref274', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.5.C1707'}, { 'key': 'ref275', 'first-page': '2131', 'article-title': 'The interplay between vitamin D and COVID-19: Protective or bystander?', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'Hetta', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.'}, {'key': 'ref276', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.077'}, { 'key': 'ref277', 'series-title': 'StatPearls [Internet]', 'article-title': 'Vitamin D Deficiency', 'author': 'Sizar', 'year': '2021'}, {'key': 'ref278', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13020499'}, {'key': 'ref279', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.18632/oncotarget.17692'}, {'key': 'ref280', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jiu235'}, {'key': 'ref281', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/jpen.1820'}, {'key': 'ref282', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102672'}, {'key': 'ref283', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fmed.2021.649818'}, {'key': 'ref284', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10620-020-06713-5'}, {'key': 'ref285', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.005'}, { 'key': 'ref286', 'first-page': '12', 'article-title': 'The immunobiological and clinical role of vitamin D in obstructive lung ' 'diseases', 'volume': '107', 'author': 'Solidoro', 'year': '2016', 'journal-title': 'Minerva Med.'}, {'key': 'ref287', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/21688370.2018.1540904'}, {'key': 'ref288', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.14814/phy2.13371'}, { 'key': 'ref289', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12377.x'}, {'key': 'ref290', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0946-672X(97)80036-3'}, {'key': 'ref291', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu5114715'}, {'key': 'ref292', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1159/000233283'}, {'key': 'ref293', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04063.x'}, {'key': 'ref294', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.livres.2017.12.004'}, {'key': 'ref295', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.496'}, {'key': 'ref296', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0133926'}, {'key': 'ref297', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3945/jn.116.243238'}, {'key': 'ref298', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/medsci9010009'}, {'key': 'ref299', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/cddis.2014.262'}, {'key': 'ref300', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1017/S0007114509289033'}, {'key': 'ref301', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1017/S1751731115001329'}, {'key': 'ref302', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3177/jnsv.66.311'}, {'key': 'ref303', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-016-0767-3'}, {'key': 'ref304', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/jpn.12999'}, {'key': 'ref305', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-017-1143-7'}, {'key': 'ref306', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/jpn.12427'}, {'key': 'ref307', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01441.x'}, {'key': 'ref308', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.012'}, {'key': 'ref309', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/jn/133.12.4077'}, {'key': 'ref310', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10620-020-06121-9'}, {'key': 'ref311', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.00092.2018'}, {'key': 'ref312', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2527/jas.2014-8580'}, {'key': 'ref313', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1067/mlc.2002.123624'}, {'key': 'ref314', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3945/jn.115.216093'}, {'key': 'ref315', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gut.39.3.416'}, {'key': 'ref316', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.psj.2021.101462'}, {'key': 'ref317', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3382/ps/pey587'}, {'key': 'ref318', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3945/ajcn.116.134403'}, { 'key': 'ref319', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105126'}, {'key': 'ref320', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.016'}, {'key': 'ref321', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.081'}, {'key': 'ref322', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.003'}, {'key': 'ref323', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.clnu.2013.05.001'}, {'key': 'ref324', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00232-010-9312-z'}, {'key': 'ref325', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajprenal.00366.2004'}, {'key': 'ref326', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0078775'}, {'key': 'ref327', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116697'}, {'key': 'ref328', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu10091128'}, {'key': 'ref329', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu10081016'}, {'key': 'ref330', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jphs.2019.06.012'}, {'key': 'ref331', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.4062/biomolther.2018.052'}, {'key': 'ref332', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/01635581.2016.1216138'}, {'key': 'ref333', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/00005176-200104000-00014'}, {'key': 'ref334', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a96489'}, {'key': 'ref335', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/fsn3.1481'}, {'key': 'ref336', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.04.003'}, {'key': 'ref337', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2021.723480'}, {'key': 'ref338', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.07.010'}, {'key': 'ref339', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1124/mol.106.029579'}, {'key': 'ref340', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.018'}, {'key': 'ref341', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109421'}, {'key': 'ref342', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01219.x'}, {'key': 'ref343', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/jre.12351'}, {'key': 'ref344', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.063'}, {'key': 'ref345', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.7150/ijbs.13229'}, {'key': 'ref346', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1006/excr.1996.0034'}, {'key': 'ref347', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.080'}, {'key': 'ref348', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1006/excr.2000.5113'}, {'key': 'ref349', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/bjc.1996.378'}, {'key': 'ref350', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3747/pdi.2012.00323'}, {'key': 'ref351', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1159/000135637'}, {'key': 'ref352', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1083/jcb.68.2.173'}, {'key': 'ref353', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.4.C1108'}, {'key': 'ref354', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1440-169x.2004.00765.x'}, {'key': 'ref355', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MOG.0000000000000449'}, {'key': 'ref356', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/nu13031015'}, {'key': 'ref357', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijms22010362'}, {'key': 'ref358', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MIB.0000000000000526'}, {'key': 'ref359', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.00398.2007'}, {'key': 'ref360', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00383-019-04586-y'}, {'key': 'ref361', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/1471-230X-12-57'}, {'key': 'ref362', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/srep32889'}, {'key': 'ref363', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab044'}, {'key': 'ref364', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1038/srep10642'}, {'key': 'ref365', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108982'}, {'key': 'ref366', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12986-021-00576-x'}, {'key': 'ref367', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MIB.0000000000000282'}, {'key': 'ref368', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.006'}, {'key': 'ref369', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s10620-017-4738-0'}, {'key': 'ref370', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1093/jas/skaa020'}, { 'key': 'ref371', 'first-page': '284', 'article-title': 'Effects of vitamin D3 on intestinal mucosal barrier of mice with severe ' 'burns', 'volume': '35', 'author': 'Liu', 'year': '2019', 'journal-title': 'Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi'}, {'key': 'ref372', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/mnfr.202000937'}, {'key': 'ref373', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3390/antiox9090838'}, {'key': 'ref374', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00441-019-03162-z'}, {'key': 'ref375', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3892/mmr.2015.4685'}, {'key': 'ref376', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3892/ijmm.2015.2214'}, {'key': 'ref377', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0122821'}, {'key': 'ref378', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01027.x'}, {'key': 'ref379', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.2170/physiolsci.RP002308'}, {'key': 'ref380', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0973'}, {'key': 'ref381', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.2.G389'}, {'key': 'ref382', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1113/expphysiol.2014.083394'}, {'key': 'ref383', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/MCO.0000000000000778'}, { 'key': 'ref384', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.14309/01.ajg.0000778948.36588.82'}, {'key': 'ref385', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/00054725-200105000-00003'}, {'key': 'ref386', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1097/00005176-199210000-00010'}, {'key': 'ref387', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/gut.35.12.1707'}, {'key': 'ref388', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cgh.2014.01.024'}, {'key': 'ref389', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1177/0009922814562665'}, {'key': 'ref390', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1111/crj.12563'}, {'key': 'ref391', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/00365521.2016.1185463'}, {'key': 'ref392', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1007/s00384-020-03576-0'}, {'key': 'ref393', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1080/00365521.2020.1844793'}, {'key': 'ref394', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3945/ajcn.115.123786'}, {'key': 'ref395', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206680'}, {'key': 'ref396', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1086/315912'}, { 'key': 'ref397', 'series-title': 'The ASPEN Adult Nutrition Support Core Curriculum', 'year': '2017'}, {'key': 'ref398', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1177/0884533612446706'}, {'key': 'ref399', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.17226/10026'}, {'key': 'ref400', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.3945/an.115.010322'}, {'key': 'ref401', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1177/0884533615589992'}, { 'key': 'ref402', 'unstructured': 'Appropriate Dosing for Parenteral Nutrition: ASPEN Recommendations\n' 'https://www.nutritioncare.org/uploadedFiles/Documents/Guidelines_and_Clinical_Resources/'}], 'container-title': ['International Journal of Molecular Sciences'], 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/6/2995/pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 3, 10]], 'date-time': '2022-03-10T17:52:24Z', 'timestamp': 1646934744000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/6/2995'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 3, 10]]}, 'references-count': 402, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '6', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2022, 3]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['ijms23062995'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23062995', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1422-0067'], 'issn-type': [{'value': '1422-0067', 'type': 'electronic'}], 'subject': [ 'Inorganic Chemistry', 'Organic Chemistry', 'Physical and Theoretical Chemistry', 'Computer Science Applications', 'Spectroscopy', 'Molecular Biology', 'General Medicine', 'Catalysis'], 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 3, 10]]}}
Loading..
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit