Supplementary Data — Quercetin reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 12 studies

@CovidAnalysis, November 2025, Version 22V22
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Di Pierro (RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.72] death 0/76 3/76 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Di Pierro (RCT) 94% 0.06 [0.01-0.45] ICU 0/76 8/76 Di Pierro (RCT) 68% 0.32 [0.14-0.70] hosp. 7/76 22/76 Khan (RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.37-1.19] no recov. 10/25 15/25 CT​1​ Khan (RCT) 39% 0.61 [0.43-0.87] no recov. 25 (n) 25 (n) CT​1​ Khan (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.30-0.84] viral+ 10/25 20/25 CT​1​ Di Pierro (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.99] death 0/50 1/50 Di Pierro (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.99] ICU 0/50 1/50 Di Pierro (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.99] hosp. 0/50 1/50 Di Pierro (RCT) 37% 0.63 [0.46-0.88] no recov. 24/50 38/50 Di Pierro (RCT) 58% 0.42 [0.27-0.65] viral+ 16/50 38/50 Di Pierro (RCT) -50% 1.50 [0.26-8.60] viral+ 3/50 2/50 Di Pierro (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.99] viral+ 0/50 1/50 Din Ujjan (RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.50-1.03] no recov. 15/25 21/25 CT​1​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 71% 0.29 [0.14-0.59] no recov. 6/25 21/25 CT​1​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 77% 0.23 [0.07-0.71] no recov. 3/25 13/25 CT​1​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.63] no recov. 0/25 3/25 CT​1​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.01-1.56] viral+ 0/25 5/25 CT​1​ Din Ujjan (RCT) 74% 0.26 [0.12-0.59] viral+ 5/25 19/25 CT​1​ Onal (RCT) -29% 1.29 [0.16-10.5] death 1/49 6/380 CT​1​ Onal (RCT) 94% 0.06 [0.00-31.8] ICU 0/49 14/380 CT​1​ Onal (RCT) 78% 0.22 [0.03-1.58] no disch. 1/49 35/380 CT​1​ Zupanets (RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.32-1.58] no recov. 9/99 13/101 Zupanets (RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.68-0.98] recov. time 99 (n) 101 (n) Shohan (RCT) 86% 0.14 [0.01-2.65] death 0/30 3/30 Shohan (RCT) 40% 0.60 [0.16-2.29] ICU 3/30 5/30 Shohan (RCT) 32% 0.68 [0.47-0.98] recov. time 30 (n) 30 (n) Gérain (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.01-7.70] death 0/25 1/24 CT​1​ Gérain (RCT) 91% 0.09 [0.01-0.71] death/ICU 0/25 5/24 CT​1​ Gérain (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.92] ventilation 0/25 4/24 CT​1​ Gérain (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.92] ICU 0/25 4/24 CT​1​ Gérain (RCT) 73% 0.27 [0.06-1.19] no disch. 2/25 7/24 CT​1​ Gérain (RCT) 59% 0.41 [0.19-0.89] no disch. 6/25 14/24 CT​1​ Gérain (RCT) 38% 0.62 [0.44-0.88] hosp. time 25 (n) 24 (n) CT​1​ Gérain (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.26-0.97] no recov. 22 (n) 24 (n) CT​1​ Tylishchak (RCT) 40% 0.60 [0.16-2.29] no recov. 3/30 5/30 Tylishchak (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.81-0.89] hosp. time 30 (n) 30 (n) Arslan (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.79] cases 1/71 9/42 CT​1​ Margolin 94% 0.06 [0.00-0.93] cases 0/53 9/60 CT​1​ Margolin 81% 0.19 [0.04-0.80] cases 2/53 12/60 CT​1​ Rondanelli (DB RCT) 93% 0.07 [0.01-0.91] symp. case 1/60 4/60 Quercetin COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors quercetin Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.