Supplementary Data — Dexamethasone for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 13 studies

@CovidAnalysis, November 2025, Version 10V10
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ COPPER Kocks (DB RCT) -300% 4.00 [0.27-58.2] hosp. 2/4 0/2 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control COPPER Kocks (DB RCT) -450% 5.50 [0.41-73.7] severe case 3/4 0/2 COPPER Kocks (DB RCT) -600% 7.00 [0.55-89.4] no recov. 4/4 0/2 Madamombe -130% 2.30 [1.60-3.40] death 245 (n) 427 (n) CoDEX Tomazini (RCT) 3% 0.97 [0.72-1.31] death 85/151 91/148 CoDEX Tomazini (RCT) 34% 0.66 [0.43-1.03] misc. 151 (n) 148 (n) RECOVERY Horby (RCT) 13% 0.87 [0.79-0.96] death 596/2,104 1,297/4,321 RECOVERY Horby (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.75-0.93] death 482/2,104 1,110/4,321 RECOVERY Horby (RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.64-0.97] ventilation 110/1,780 298/3,638 RECOVERY Horby (RCT) 9% 0.91 [0.85-0.97] no disch. 2,104 (n) 4,321 (n) Jamaati (RCT) -7% 1.07 [0.69-1.65] death 16/25 15/25 Jamaati (RCT) -18% 1.18 [0.66-2.11] ventilation 13/25 11/25 Mourad 10% 0.90 [0.86-0.95] death Mourad 10% 0.90 [0.78-1.03] death 7,537 (n) 5,503 (n) Mourad 8% 0.92 [0.86-0.98] death Mourad 13% 0.87 [0.73-1.04] death 6,826 (n) 792 (n) Mourad 18% 0.82 [0.68-0.99] death 2,660 (n) 1,013 (n) RECOVERY high-dose Horby (RCT) -15% 1.15 [0.95-1.39] death 241/905 200/844 RECOVERY high-dose Horby (RCT) -59% 1.59 [1.20-2.10] death 123/659 75/613 RECOVERY high-dose Horby (RCT) -46% 1.46 [0.75-2.83] ventilation 22/659 14/613 EARLY-DEX Franco-Mor.. (RCT) -134% 2.34 [0.45-12.3] ventilation 4/58 2/68 EARLY-DEX Franco-Mor.. (RCT) -217% 3.17 [0.13-76.4] ICU 1/58 0/68 EARLY-DEX Franco-Mor.. (RCT) -17% 1.17 [0.52-2.62] ARDS 10/58 10/68 EARLY-DEX Franco-Mor.. (RCT) 3% 0.97 [0.67-1.39] hosp. time 58 (n) 68 (n) Yen -103% 2.03 [1.40-2.94] death 572 (n) 1,624 (n) Bhat (PSM) -35% 1.35 [0.88-2.07] death 46/529 34/529 Bhat (PSM) -46% 1.46 [1.06-2.00] no improv. 83/529 57/529 Zhao (PSM) 34% 0.66 [0.47-0.92] death 288 (n) 288 (n) Zhao (PSM) 33% 0.67 [0.46-0.99] death 288 (n) 288 (n) Garneau -31% 1.31 [0.09-19.0] death 1/13 1/17 Garneau -423% 5.23 [0.66-41.4] ICU 4/13 1/17 Garneau -155% 2.55 [0.95-6.83] hosp. time 13 (n) 17 (n) Bepouka -104% 2.04 [0.20-25.0] death 70 (n) 340 (n) Dexamethasone COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 Favors dexamethasone Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.