Clinical Predictors for Abnormal ALT in Patients Infected with COVID-19—A Retrospective Single Centre Study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 18]], 'date-time': '2023-03-18T04:38:55Z', 'timestamp': 1679114335454}, 'reference-count': 32, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '3', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 16]], 'date-time': '2023-03-16T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1678924800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Objective: Abnormal liver tests have been associated with worse clinical outcomes in ' 'patients infected with COVID-19. This retrospective observational study from Singapore aims ' 'to elucidate simple clinical predictors of abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in ' 'COVID-19 infections. Design: 717 patients hospitalised with COVID-19 at the National Centre ' 'for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, from 23 January–15 April 2020 were screened, of ' 'which 163 patients with baseline normal alanine transferase (ALT) and at least two subsequent ' 'ALTs performed were included in the final analysis. Information on baseline demographics, ' 'clinical characteristics and biochemical laboratory tests were collected. Results: 30.7% of ' 'patients developed abnormal ALT. They were more likely to be older (60 vs. 55, p = 0.022) and ' 'have comorbidities of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension. The multivariate logistic regression ' 'showed that R-factor ≥1 on admission (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.13, 95% Confidence Interval ' '(CI) 1.41–6.95) and hypoxia (aOR 3.54, 95% CI 1.29–9.69) were independent risk factors for ' 'developing abnormal ALT. The patients who developed abnormal ALT also ran a more severe ' 'course of illness with a greater proportion needing supplementary oxygen (58% vs. 18.6%, p ' '&lt; 0.0005), admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/High Dependency Unit (HDU) (32% vs. ' '11.5%, p = 0.003) and intubation (20% vs. 2.7%, p &lt; 0.0005). There was no difference in ' 'death rate between the two groups. Conclusions: Liver injury is associated with poor clinical ' 'outcomes in patients with COVID-19. R-factor ≥1 on admission and hypoxia are independent ' 'simple clinical predictors for developing abnormal ALT in COVID-19.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/pathogens12030473', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 17]], 'date-time': '2023-03-17T06:59:26Z', 'timestamp': 1679036366000}, 'page': '473', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Clinical Predictors for Abnormal ALT in Patients Infected with COVID-19—A Retrospective Single ' 'Centre Study', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '12', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Wei Da', 'family': 'Chew', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng ' 'Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore'}]}, { 'given': 'Jonathan', 'family': 'Kuang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng ' 'Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore'}]}, { 'given': 'Huiyu', 'family': 'Lin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng ' 'Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0036-255X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Li Wei', 'family': 'Ang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, ' 'Singapore 308442, Singapore'}]}, { 'given': 'Wei Lyn', 'family': 'Yang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng ' 'Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0324-0205', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'David C.', 'family': 'Lye', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, ' 'Singapore 308442, Singapore'}, { 'name': 'Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological ' 'University, Singapore 636921, Singapore'}]}, { 'given': 'Barnaby E.', 'family': 'Young', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, ' 'Singapore 308442, Singapore'}, { 'name': 'Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological ' 'University, Singapore 636921, Singapore'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 16]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'unstructured': '(2023, January 19). 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Ctries.'}], 'container-title': 'Pathogens', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/473/pdf', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 17]], 'date-time': '2023-03-17T09:46:25Z', 'timestamp': 1679046385000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/3/473'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 16]]}, 'references-count': 32, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '3', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['pathogens12030473'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030473', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['2076-0817'], 'subject': [ 'Infectious Diseases', 'Microbiology (medical)', 'General Immunology and Microbiology', 'Molecular Biology', 'Immunology and Allergy'], 'container-title-short': 'Pathogens', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 16]]}}