Supplementary Data — Spironolactone reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta-analysis of 12 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 13V13 (V1 2022)
c19early.org
October 2026

Spironolactone COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Cadegiani77%0.23 · 0.08–0.66recov. time8 (n)262 (n) Cadegiani83%0.17 · 0.06–0.51recov. time8 (n)262 (n) Cadegiani38%0.62 · 0.42–0.91viral time8 (n)262 (n) Mareev (RCT)11%0.89 · 0.65–1.22no recov.33 (n)33 (n)CT1 Mareev (RCT)39%0.61 · 0.14–0.97no recov.14/2420/21CT1 Mareev (RCT)8%0.92 · 0.77–1.09hosp. time33 (n)33 (n)CT1 Mareev (RCT)87%0.13 · 0.01–2.25viral+0/173/13CT1 Ersoy (ICU)46%0.54 · 0.36–0.81death14/3026/30ICU patients Davarpanah78%0.22 · 0.08–0.55hosp.6/10323/103CT1 Davarpanah67%0.33 · 0.16–0.71progression8/10324/103CT1 Davarpanah64%0.36 · 0.21–0.60recov. time103 (n)103 (n)CT1 Abbasi (SB RCT)55%0.45 · 0.18–1.13death5/5119/87 Abbasi (SB RCT)34%0.66 · 0.30–1.48ventilation7/5118/87 Abbasi (SB RCT)19%0.81 · 0.42–1.59ICU10/5121/87 Abbasi (SB RCT)47%0.53 · 0.39–0.72no recov.51 (n)87 (n) Wadhwa (RCT)72%0.28 · 0.09–0.85progression4/749/46 Wadhwa (RCT)49%0.51 · 0.27–0.95no disch.13/7416/46 Wadhwa (RCT)18%0.82 · 0.67–1.00recov. time74 (n)46 (n) Mehrizi32%0.68 · 0.65–0.72deathpopulation-based cohort Holt−129%2.29 · 1.59–3.32death/ICU16/31148/658 Jeon77%0.23 · 0.08–0.64casescase-control study MacFadden7%0.93 · 0.88–0.98casesn/an/a Cousins (PSM)81%0.19 · 0.06–0.65ventilation731 (n)731 (n) Cousins (PSM)66%0.34 · 0.17–0.68ICU731 (n)731 (n) Cousins (PSM)18%0.82 · 0.71–0.93death390/12,504479/12,504 Cousins (PSM)12%0.88 · 0.79–0.99death521/16,324592/16,324 Cousins (PSM)15%0.85 · 0.77–0.94death671/20,690783/20,690 Cousins (PSM)17%0.83 · 0.77–0.91ventilation936/12,5041,118/12,504 Cousins (PSM)17%0.83 · 0.77–0.89ventilation1,212/16,3241,459/16,324 Cousins (PSM)10%0.90 · 0.84–0.95ventilation1,524/20,6901,701/20,690
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1 CT: study uses combined treatment
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← Spironolactone
reduces riskSpironolactone
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.