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All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Time to Sustained Recovery Among Outpatients With COVID-19 Receiving Montelukast vs Placebo

Rothman et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.39332 (date from preprint), ACTIV-6, NCT04885530
May 2024  
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Hospitalization 1% Improvement Relative Risk Hosp./ER 1% Progression, day 28 -48% Progression, day 14 29% Progression, day 7 -31% Recovery, all 2% Recovery, mild 16% Recovery, moderate 3% Recovery, severe -37% Recovery, no symptoms -614% Recovery time 2% Montelukast  ACTIV-6  LATE TREATMENT  DB RCT Is late treatment with montelukast beneficial for COVID-19? Double-blind RCT 1,250 patients in the USA (January - June 2023) Higher progression with montelukast (not stat. sig., p=0.29) c19early.org Rothman et al., JAMA Network Open, May 2024 Favorsmontelukast Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
29th treatment shown to reduce risk in November 2021, now with p = 0.0041 from 9 studies.
Lower risk for hospitalization and cases.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 112 treatments. c19early.org
RCT 1,250 outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing no significant difference in time to sustained recovery with montelukast treatment. There were no deaths and only 2 hospitalizations in each group.
Notably, results were better with patients that had mild COVID-19 at baseline compared to moderate/severe cases, and overall efficacy is reduced by poor results with extremely late treatment 9 days after onset, and with patients that had no symptoms at baseline.
Authors note the treatment drug was voluntarily recalled and replaced from another source but do not report why the drug was recalled. Authors describe previous research testing 10mg and 20mg doses, noting that only 20mg showed improved pulmonary function testing, however authors do not indicate why they chose to test the lower dose for COVID-19.
It is unclear why authors only report all-cause hospitalization and urgent care and do not report COVID-19 specific outcomes. Given the low rate of urgent care visits and hospitalization, and the expected baseline frequency of these events independent of COVID-19, most or all of these events may be unrelated to COVID-19.
Authors note that previous research showed improvements specifically for cough, and authors collected cough data, however no results for cough are reported.
risk of hospitalization, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 1.00, treatment 2 of 628 (0.3%), control 2 of 622 (0.3%), NNT 32551.
hosp./ER, 1.0% lower, RR 0.99, p = 1.00, treatment 18 of 628 (2.9%), control 18 of 622 (2.9%), NNT 3617.
risk of progression, 48.0% higher, OR 1.48, p = 0.29, clinical progression, day 28, RR approximated with OR.
risk of progression, 29.0% lower, OR 0.71, p = 0.82, clinical progression, day 14, RR approximated with OR.
risk of progression, 31.0% higher, OR 1.31, p = 0.27, clinical progression, day 7, RR approximated with OR.
risk of no recovery, 2.0% lower, HR 0.98, p = 0.72, treatment 628, control 622, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, all patients.
risk of no recovery, 16.0% lower, HR 0.84, p = 0.12, treatment 186, control 183, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, patients with mild symptoms on day 1.
risk of no recovery, 2.9% lower, HR 0.97, p = 0.72, treatment 341, control 337, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, patients with moderate symptoms on day 1.
risk of no recovery, 37.0% higher, HR 1.37, p = 0.56, treatment 10, control 13, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, patients with severe symptoms on day 1.
risk of no recovery, 614.3% higher, HR 7.14, p < 0.001, treatment 186, control 183, inverted to make HR<1 favor treatment, patients with no symptoms on day 1.
recovery time, 2.0% lower, relative time 0.98, p = 0.07, treatment mean 11.77 (±2.49) n=628, control mean 12.01 (±2.16) n=622.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Rothman et al., 18 May 2024, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, USA, peer-reviewed, median age 53.0, 32 authors, study period 27 January, 2023 - 23 June, 2023, trial NCT04885530 (history) (ACTIV-6). Contact: susanna.naggie@duke.edu.
This PaperMontelukastAll
Time to Sustained Recovery Among Outpatients With COVID-19 Receiving Montelukast vs Placebo
MD, MPP Russell L Rothman, PhD; Thomas G Stewart, MD Ahmad Mourad, MD, MPH David R Boulware, MD Matthew W Mccarthy, Florence Thicklin, Idania T Garcia Del Sol, Jose Luis Garcia, MD, MPH Carolyn T Bramante, MD, MPH Nirav S Shah, MD; Upinder Singh, PharmD John C Williamson, MD, MSc Paulina A Rebolledo, MD Prasanna Jagannathan, MD Tiffany Schwasinger-Schmidt, PhD Adit A Ginde, MD, MPH Mario Castro, MD, MPH Dushyantha Jayaweera, MD Mark Sulkowski, MD Nina Gentile, MD Kathleen Mctigue, G Michael Felker, MD, MHS Allison Delong, BS Rhonda Wilder, MS Sean Collins, MD, MSci Sarah E Dunsmore, PhD; Stacey J Adam, PhD; George J Hanna, MD Elizabeth Shenkman, PhD Adrian F Hernandez, Susanna Naggie, Christopher J Lindsell, PhD; George J Hanna, Ryan Fraser, Mark Ward, Jennifer Gamboa Jackson, M Patricia Mcadams, Julia Vail, Kayla Korzekwinski, Martina Oyelakin, Julie Chopp, Desmon Randle, Samantha Dockery, Rodney Adkins, Matthew Crow, Erin Nowell, Kadie Wells, Alicia Herbert, Allegra Stone, Heather Heavlin, Linley Brown, Tina Harding, Amanda Harrington, Meaghan Beauchaine, Kelly Lindblom, Andrea Burns, David Aamodt, Jess Collins, Sheri Dixon, Yue Gao, John Graves, James Grindstaff, Frank Harrell, Jessica Lai, Vicky Liao, Itzel Lopez, Elizabeth Manis, Kalley Mankowski, Jessica Marlin, Alyssa Merkel, Sam Nwosu, Savannah Obregon, Dirk Orozco, Nelson Prato, Max Rhode, Jana Shirey-Rice, Krista Vermillion, Jacob Smith, Hsi-Nien Tan, Meghan Vance, Maria Weir, Ray Bianchi, Jen Premas, Madhu Gupta, Greg Karawan, Santia Lima, Carey Ziomek, Joseph Arena, Sonaly Dealmeida, Anuj Malik, Jane Bryce, Sarah Swint, Soroush Ramin, Jaya Nataraj, Julien Deider, Ricardo Cruz, Ana Maria Ramirez, Lori Henault, Joseph Marcus, Alexis Southwell, Genice Jacques, Cedar Sexton, Brian Tiffany, Charlotte Tanner, Allegra Sahelian, Constance George-Adebayo, Adeolu Adebayo, Jose Zapatero, Julie Clement, Theresa Ronan, Ashley Woods, Christopher Gallegos, Tamara Flys, Olivia Sloan, Anthony Olofintuyi, Joshua Samraj, Alma Vasbinder, Amaya Averett, Alex Slandzicki, Jessica Wallen, Claudia Vogel, Sebastian Munoz, David Kavtaradze, Casandra Watson, David Singleton, Marcus Sevier, Maria Rivon, Arnold Del Pilar, Amber Spangler, Sohail Rao, Luis Cantu, Arvind Krishna, Heidi Daugherty, Brandi Kerr, Kathy Evans, Robert Spees, Mailyn Marta, Rowena Dolor, Lorraine Vergara, Jackie Jordan, Valencia Burruss, Terri Hurst, Igho Ofotokun, Cecilia Zhang, Jessica Traenkner, Mary M Atha, Rajesh Prabhu, Krystal Klicka, Amber Lightfeather, Vickie James, Marcella Rogers, Chukwuemeka Oragwu, Ngozi Oguego, Rajesh Pillai, Ahab Gabriel, Emad Ghaly, Marian Michal, Michelle Vasquez, Angela Mamon, Michelle Sheets, Gammal Hassanien, Samah Ismail, Yehia Samir, Andrew Meltzer, Soroush Shahamatdar, Ryan S Heidish, Aditya Loganathan, Scott Brehaut, Angelina Roche, Manisha Mehta, Nicole Koppinger, Jose Baez, Ivone Pagan, Dallal Abdelsayed, Mina Aziz, Philip Robinson, Grace Lozinski, Julie Nguyen, Alvin Griffin, Michael Morris, Nicole Love, Bonnie Mattox, Raykel Martin, Victoria Pardue, Teddy Rowland, Juan Ruiz-Unger, Lionel Reyes, Yadira Zamora, Navila Bacallao, John Cienki, Jonathan Cohen, Ying Yuan, Jenny Li, Jeremy Szeto, Lauren Stelmash, Sara Mekhael, Ledular Morales Castillo, Anya Gutierrez, Sabrina Prieto, Arch Amon, Andrew Barbera, Andrew Bugajski, Walter Willis, Kellcee Jacklin, Deryl Lamb, Amron Harper, Elmer Stout, Merischia Griffin, Nancy Pyram-Bernard, Arlen Quintero, Nina Clark, Mary Barsanti-Sekhar, Christina Carbrera-Mendez, Mary Rose Evans, Eftim Adhami, Giovanni Carillo, Josette Maria, Diksha Paudel, Oksana Raymond, Jeffrey Summers, Tammy Turner, Leslie Lenert, Ebony Panaccione, Elizabeth Szwast, Amy Reynolds, Ahsan Abdulghani, Pravin Vasoya, Conrad Miller, Hawa Wiley, Austin Chan, Saadia Khizer, Oluwadamilola Adeyemi, Wei Ning Chi, July Chen, Melissa Morton-Jost, Julie Castex, Ali Quirch, Hrishikesh Belani, Rosario Machicado, Bjorn Bjornsson, Jacqueline Olivo, Maria Maldonado, Anthony Vecchiarelli, Diana Gaytan-Alvarez, Vijaya Cherukuri, Radica Alicic, Allison A Lambert, Carissa Urbat, Joni Baxter, Ann Cooper
JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.39332
IMPORTANCE The effect of montelukast in reducing symptom duration among outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of montelukast compared with placebo in treating outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This randomized clinical trial (Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines [ACTIV]-6) was conducted from January 27 through June 23, 2023, during the circulation of Omicron subvariants. Participants aged 30 years or older with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2 or more acute COVID-19 symptoms for less than 7 days were included across 104 US sites. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive montelukast, 10 mg once daily, or matched placebo for 14 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was time to sustained recovery (defined as Ն3 consecutive days without symptoms). Secondary outcomes included time to death; time to hospitalization or death; a composite of health care utilization events (hospitalization, urgent care clinic visit, emergency department visit, or death); COVID-19 clinical progression scale score; and difference in mean time unwell. A modified intention-to-treat approach was used for the analysis. RESULTS Among 1250 participants who were randomized and received the study drug or placebo, the median age was 53 years (IQR, 42-62 years), 753 (60.2%) were female, and 704 (56.3%) reported receiving 2 or more doses of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Among 628 participants who received montelukast and 622 who received placebo, differences in time to sustained recovery were not observed (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.02; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.92-1.12; P = .63 for efficacy). Unadjusted median time to sustained recovery was 10 days (95% CI, 10-11 days) in both groups. No deaths occurred, and hospitalizations were reported for 2 participants (0.3%) in each group; the composite of health care utilization events was reported for 18 participants (2.9%) in the montelukast group and 18 (2.9%) in the placebo group (AHR, 1.01; 95% CrI, 0.45-1.84; P = .48 for efficacy). Five participants (0.4%) experienced serious adverse events (3 [0.5%] in the montelukast group and 2 [0.3%] in the placebo group). (continued) Key Points Question Does a 14-day course of montelukast, 10 mg once daily, reduce symptom duration among outpatient adults (aged Ն30 years) with mild to moderate COVID-19 compared with placebo? Findings In this randomized clinical trial of 1250 participants in the US (enrolled during the circulation of Omicron subvariants), there was no difference in time to sustained recovery between the montelukast and placebo groups. Meaning Administration of montelukast at a daily dose of 10 mg for 14 days did not result in a shortened duration of symptoms in outpatient adults with mild to moderate COVID-19.
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Rothman reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during the conduct of the study. Dr Stewart reported receiving a grant from the Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI) as a subaward for ACTIV-6 from the NIH during the conduct of the study and receiving personal fees from Eli Lilly for serving on a data monitoring committee for a trial unrelated to COVID-19 outside the submitted work. Dr Garcia reported receiving grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Shah reported receiving grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Singh reported receiving grant funding from Pfizer for a clinical trial on long COVID, serving on a Gilead advisory JAMA Network Open | Infectious Diseases
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Rothman, Boulware, Mccarthy, Thicklin, Ginde et al., Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data
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{ 'indexed': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 18]], 'date-time': '2024-10-18T16:10:17Z', 'timestamp': 1729267817028, 'version': '3.27.0'}, 'reference-count': 20, 'publisher': 'American Medical Association (AMA)', 'issue': '10', 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Importance</jats:title><jats:p>The effect of montelukast in reducing ' 'symptom duration among outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 is ' 'uncertain.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>To assess ' 'the effectiveness of montelukast compared with placebo in treating outpatients with mild to ' 'moderate COVID-19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, Setting, and ' 'Participants</jats:title><jats:p>This randomized clinical trial (Accelerating COVID-19 ' 'Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines [ACTIV]–6) was conducted from January 27 through June ' '23, 2023, during the circulation of Omicron subvariants. Participants aged 30 years or older ' 'with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2 or more acute COVID-19 symptoms for less than 7 ' 'days were included across 104 US ' 'sites.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions</jats:title><jats:p>Participants ' 'were randomized 1:1 to receive montelukast, 10 mg once daily, or matched placebo for 14 ' 'days.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcomes and ' 'Measures</jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome was time to sustained recovery (defined as ' '≥3 consecutive days without symptoms). Secondary outcomes included time to death; time to ' 'hospitalization or death; a composite of health care utilization events (hospitalization, ' 'urgent care clinic visit, emergency department visit, or death); COVID-19 clinical ' 'progression scale score; and difference in mean time unwell. A modified intention-to-treat ' 'approach was used for the ' 'analysis.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Among 1250 ' 'participants who were randomized and received the study drug or placebo, the median age was ' '53 years (IQR, 42-62 years), 753 (60.2%) were female, and 704 (56.3%) reported receiving 2 or ' 'more doses of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Among 628 participants who received montelukast and 622 ' 'who received placebo, differences in time to sustained recovery were not observed (adjusted ' 'hazard ratio [AHR], 1.02; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.92-1.12; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.63 for efficacy). Unadjusted median time to ' 'sustained recovery was 10 days (95% CI, 10-11 days) in both groups. No deaths occurred, and ' 'hospitalizations were reported for 2 participants (0.3%) in each group; the composite of ' 'health care utilization events was reported for 18 participants (2.9%) in the montelukast ' 'group and 18 (2.9%) in the placebo group (AHR, 1.01; 95% CrI, 0.45-1.84; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.48 for efficacy). Five participants (0.4%) ' 'experienced serious adverse events (3 [0.5%] in the montelukast group and 2 [0.3%] in the ' 'placebo group).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and ' 'Relevance</jats:title><jats:p>In this randomized clinical trial of outpatients with mild to ' 'moderate COVID-19, treatment with montelukast did not reduce duration of COVID-19 symptoms. ' 'These findings do not support the use of montelukast for the treatment of mild to moderate ' 'COVID-19.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial ' 'Registration</jats:title><jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: <jats:ext-link ' 'xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" ' 'xlink:href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04885530">NCT04885530</jats:ext-link></jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.39332', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 10, 18]], 'date-time': '2024-10-18T15:31:16Z', 'timestamp': 1729265476000}, 'page': 'e2439332', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Time to Sustained Recovery Among Outpatients With COVID-19 Receiving Montelukast vs Placebo', 'prefix': '10.1001', 'volume': '7', 'author': [ { 'given': 'Russell L.', 'family': 'Rothman', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee'}]}, { 'given': 'Thomas G.', 'family': 'Stewart', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville'}]}, { 'given': 'Ahmad', 'family': 'Mourad', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, ' 'Durham, North Carolina'}, { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}]}, { 'given': 'David R.', 'family': 'Boulware', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, ' 'Minneapolis'}]}, { 'given': 'Matthew W.', 'family': 'McCarthy', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York'}]}, { 'given': 'Florence', 'family': 'Thicklin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'ACTIV-6 Stakeholder Advisory Committee, Pittsburgh, ' 'Pennsylvania'}]}, { 'given': 'Idania T.', 'family': 'Garcia del Sol', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'L&A Morales Healthcare, Inc, Hialeah, Florida'}]}, { 'given': 'Jose Luis', 'family': 'Garcia', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'The Angel Medical Research Corporation, Miami Lakes, Florida'}]}, { 'given': 'Carolyn T.', 'family': 'Bramante', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, ' 'Minneapolis'}]}, { 'given': 'Nirav S.', 'family': 'Shah', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Endeavor Health, Evanston, Illinois'}]}, { 'given': 'Upinder', 'family': 'Singh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Stanford University School of Medicine, California'}]}, { 'given': 'John C.', 'family': 'Williamson', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, ' 'Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North ' 'Carolina'}]}, { 'given': 'Paulina A.', 'family': 'Rebolledo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory ' 'University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia'}, { 'name': 'Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, ' 'Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia'}]}, { 'given': 'Prasanna', 'family': 'Jagannathan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'Stanford University School of Medicine, California'}]}, { 'given': 'Tiffany', 'family': 'Schwasinger-Schmidt', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Center for Clinical Research, University of Kansas School of ' 'Medicine–Wichita'}]}, { 'given': 'Adit A.', 'family': 'Ginde', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [{'name': 'University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora'}]}, { 'given': 'Mario', 'family': 'Castro', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, ' 'University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City'}]}, { 'given': 'Dushyantha', 'family': 'Jayaweera', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of ' 'Miami, Miami, Florida'}]}, { 'given': 'Mark', 'family': 'Sulkowski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, ' 'Baltimore, Maryland'}]}, { 'given': 'Nina', 'family': 'Gentile', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Emergency Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine ' 'at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania'}]}, { 'given': 'Kathleen', 'family': 'McTigue', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, ' 'Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania'}]}, { 'given': 'G. Michael', 'family': 'Felker', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}, { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, ' 'Minneapolis'}]}, { 'given': 'Allison', 'family': 'DeLong', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, ' 'Minneapolis'}]}, { 'given': 'Rhonda', 'family': 'Wilder', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, ' 'Minneapolis'}]}, { 'given': 'Sean', 'family': 'Collins', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ {'name': 'Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee'}, { 'name': 'Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans ' 'Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville'}]}, { 'given': 'Sarah E.', 'family': 'Dunsmore', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, ' 'Maryland'}]}, { 'given': 'Stacey J.', 'family': 'Adam', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, ' 'Maryland'}]}, { 'given': 'George J.', 'family': 'Hanna', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, ' 'Washington, DC'}]}, { 'given': 'Elizabeth', 'family': 'Shenkman', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Health Outcomes & Biomedical Informatics, College ' 'of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville'}]}, { 'given': 'Adrian F.', 'family': 'Hernandez', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}, { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, ' 'Minneapolis'}]}, { 'given': 'Susanna', 'family': 'Naggie', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of ' 'Medicine, Durham, North Carolina'}, { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, ' 'Minneapolis'}]}, { 'given': 'Christopher J.', 'family': 'Lindsell', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, ' 'Minneapolis'}]}, { 'name': 'Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines–6 Study Group and ' 'Investigators', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'given': 'George', 'family': 'Hanna', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Ryan', 'family': 'Fraser', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Mark', 'family': 'Ward', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jennifer', 'family': 'Gamboa Jackson', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'M. Patricia', 'family': 'McAdams', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Julia', 'family': 'Vail', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Kayla', 'family': 'Korzekwinski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Martina', 'family': 'Oyelakin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Julie', 'family': 'Chopp', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Desmon', 'family': 'Randle', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Samantha', 'family': 'Dockery', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Rodney', 'family': 'Adkins', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Matthew', 'family': 'Crow', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Erin', 'family': 'Nowell', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Kadie', 'family': 'Wells', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Alicia', 'family': 'Herbert', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Allegra', 'family': 'Stone', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Heather', 'family': 'Heavlin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Linley', 'family': 'Brown', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic 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Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'David', 'family': 'Aamodt', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jess', 'family': 'Collins', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Sheri', 'family': 'Dixon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Yue', 'family': 'Gao', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'John', 'family': 'Graves', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'James', 'family': 'Grindstaff', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Frank', 'family': 'Harrell', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jessica', 'family': 'Lai', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Vicky', 'family': 'Liao', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Itzel', 'family': 'Lopez', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Elizabeth', 'family': 'Manis', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Kalley', 'family': 'Mankowski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jessica', 'family': 'Marlin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Alyssa', 'family': 'Merkel', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Sam', 'family': 'Nwosu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Savannah', 'family': 'Obregon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Dirk', 'family': 'Orozco', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Nelson', 'family': 'Prato', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Max', 'family': 'Rhode', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jana', 'family': 'Shirey-Rice', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Krista', 'family': 'Vermillion', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jacob', 'family': 'Smith', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Hsi-nien', 'family': 'Tan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Meghan', 'family': 'Vance', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Maria', 'family': 'Weir', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Ray', 'family': 'Bianchi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jen', 'family': 'Premas', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Madhu', 'family': 'Gupta', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Greg', 'family': 'Karawan', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Santia', 'family': 'Lima', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Carey', 'family': 'Ziomek', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Joseph', 'family': 'Arena', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Sonaly', 'family': 'DeAlmeida', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Anuj', 'family': 'Malik', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jane', 'family': 'Bryce', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Sarah', 'family': 'Swint', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Soroush', 'family': 'Ramin', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jaya', 'family': 'Nataraj', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Julien', 'family': 'Deider', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Ricardo', 'family': 'Cruz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Ana Maria', 'family': 'Ramirez', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Lori', 'family': 'Henault', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Joseph', 'family': 'Marcus', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Alexis', 'family': 'Southwell', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Genice', 'family': 'Jacques', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Cedar', 'family': 'Sexton', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Brian', 'family': 'Tiffany', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Charlotte', 'family': 'Tanner', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Allegra', 'family': 'Sahelian', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Constance', 'family': 'George-Adebayo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Adeolu', 'family': 'Adebayo', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Jose', 'family': 'Zapatero', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Julie', 'family': 'Clement', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Theresa', 'family': 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'given': 'Anthony', 'family': 'Olofintuyi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Joshua', 'family': 'Samraj', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Alma', 'family': 'Vasbinder', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Amaya', 'family': 'Averett', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study Group and Investigators'}]}, { 'given': 'Alex', 'family': 'Slandzicki', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'for the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and ' 'Vaccines–6 Study 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B, Gabry? J, Ali? I, Brilleman? S. (2023). rstanarm: bayesian ' 'applied regression modeling via Stan. R package, version 2.26.1. ' 'Accessed September 5, 2024. https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/'}, { 'key': 'zoi241134r18', 'unstructured': 'Brilleman? SL, Elçi? EM, Novik? JB, . Bayesian survival analysis using ' 'the rstanarm R package.? arXiv. 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Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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