Efficacy of three antimicrobial mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva of hospitalized patients: a randomized controlled pilot study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 5]], 'date-time': '2023-08-05T04:27:39Z', 'timestamp': 1691209659307}, 'reference-count': 40, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 4]], 'date-time': '2023-08-04T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1691107200000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 4]], 'date-time': '2023-08-04T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1691107200000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 3 ' 'mouthwashes in reducing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral ' 'load in the saliva of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at 30\xa0min, 1, 2 and ' '3\xa0h after rinsing. This pilot study included 40 admitted COVID-19 positive patients (10 in ' 'each group). Saliva samples were collected before rinsing and at 30\xa0min, 1, 2 and 3\xa0h ' 'after rinsing with: <jats:italic>Group 1</jats:italic>—0.2% Chlorhexidine digluconate\xa0' '(CHX); <jats:italic>Group 2</jats:italic>—1.5% Hydrogen peroxide\xa0' '(H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>); <jats:italic>Group ' '3</jats:italic>—Cetylpyridinium chloride\xa0(CPC) or <jats:italic>Group 4</jats:italic> ' '(control group)—No rinsing. Viral load analysis of saliva samples was assessed by Reverse ' 'Transcription quantitative PCR. Mean log<jats:sub>10</jats:sub> viral load at different time ' 'points was compared to that at baseline in all groups using a random effects linear ' 'regression analysis while for comparison between groups linear regression analysis was used. ' 'The results showed that all groups had a significantly reduced mean ' 'log<jats:sub>10</jats:sub> viral load both at 2 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009' '0.036) and 3 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041) hours compared to baseline. ' 'However, there was no difference in mean log<jats:sub>10</jats:sub> viral load between any of ' 'the investigated mouthwashes and the control group (non-rinsing) at the evaluated time ' 'points. Although a reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva of COVID-19 patients ' 'was observed after rinsing with mouthwashes containing 0.2% CHX, 1.5% ' 'H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, or CPC, the reduction detected was similar to ' 'that achieved by the control group at the investigated time points. The findings of this ' 'study may suggest that the mechanical action of rinsing/spitting results in reduction of ' 'SARS-CoV-2 salivary load.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-023-39308-x', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 4]], 'date-time': '2023-08-04T10:02:18Z', 'timestamp': 1691143338000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Efficacy of three antimicrobial mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva of ' 'hospitalized patients: a randomized controlled pilot study', 'prefix': '10.1038', 'volume': '13', 'author': [ {'given': 'Jeniffer', 'family': 'Perussolo', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Muy-Teck', 'family': 'Teh', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nikolaos', 'family': 'Gkranias', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Simon', 'family': 'Tiberi', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Aviva', 'family': 'Petrie', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'given': 'Maria-Teresa', 'family': 'Cutino-Moguel', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Nikolaos', 'family': 'Donos', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 4]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': '39308_CR1', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization. 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