Supplementary Data — Montelukast reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 9 studies

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 9V9
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Excluded Lima-Morales 78% 0.22 [0.12-0.41] death 15/481 52/287 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Excluded Lima-Morales 52% 0.48 [0.20-1.18] ventilation 8/434 11/287 CT​1​ Excluded Lima-Morales 67% 0.33 [0.22-0.47] hosp. 44/481 89/287 CT​1​ Excluded Lima-Morales 59% 0.41 [0.30-0.55] no recov. 75/481 118/287 CT​1​ Khan 64% 0.36 [0.10-1.03] progression 3/30 20/62 Khan 12% 0.88 [0.67-1.14] hosp. time 30 (n) 62 (n) Kumar (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.04-3.09] ICU 1/45 3/45 Kumar (DB RCT) -25% 1.25 [0.54-2.87] progression 10/45 8/45 Kumar (DB RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.64-1.56] no disch. 21/45 21/45 Kerget (RCT) 92% 0.08 [0.01-0.56] death 0/120 4/60 Kerget (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-2.02] death 0/60 4/60 Kerget (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-2.02] death 0/60 4/60 Kerget (RCT) 81% 0.19 [0.05-0.68] progression 3/120 8/60 Kerget (RCT) 88% 0.12 [0.02-0.97] progression 1/60 8/60 Kerget (RCT) 75% 0.25 [0.06-1.13] progression 2/60 8/60 Kerget (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.72-0.99] hosp. time 60 (n) 60 (n) Kerget (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.74-0.99] hosp. time 60 (n) 60 (n) Soltani (RCT) 20% 0.80 [0.67-0.95] hosp. time 51 (n) 76 (n) Soltani (RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.64-0.88] no recov. 51 (n) 76 (n) Soltani (RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.62-1.02] no recov. 51 (n) 76 (n) Mohamed H.. (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.41-0.61] recov. time 32 (n) 36 (n) post-COVID cough Mohamed H.. (RCT) 70% 0.30 [0.22-0.41] recov. time 32 (n) 36 (n) post-COVID cough Mohamed H.. (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.11-0.30] recov. time 32 (n) 36 (n) post-COVID cough Mohamed H.. (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.12-0.32] recov. time 32 (n) 36 (n) post-COVID cough Mohamed H.. (RCT) 82% 0.18 [0.11-0.30] recov. time 32 (n) 36 (n) post-COVID cough ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.14-7.01] hosp. 2/628 2/622 ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) 1% 0.99 [0.52-1.89] hosp./ER 18/628 18/622 ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) -48% 1.48 [0.33-2.96] progression n/a n/a ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) 29% 0.71 [0.16-1.49] progression n/a n/a ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) -31% 1.31 [0.50-2.29] progression n/a n/a ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) 2% 0.98 [0.89-1.10] no recov. 628 (n) 622 (n) ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) 16% 0.84 [0.68-1.05] no recov. 186 (n) 183 (n) ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) 3% 0.97 [0.83-1.14] no recov. 341 (n) 337 (n) ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) -37% 1.37 [0.49-3.85] no recov. 10 (n) 13 (n) ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) -614% 7.14 [3.85-14.3] no recov. 186 (n) 183 (n) ACTIV-6 Rothman (DB RCT) 2% 0.98 [0.96-1.00] recov. time 628 (n) 622 (n) Zengin 14% 0.86 [0.21-3.57] death 3/35 4/40 Zengin -90% 1.90 [0.49-7.40] ICU 5/35 3/40 Zengin 3% 0.97 [0.75-1.25] hosp. time 35 (n) 40 (n) Bozek 91% 0.09 [0.01-0.80] hosp. 1/327 4/118 Bozek 82% 0.18 [0.06-0.59] cases 4/327 8/118 Alhmoud 13% 0.87 [0.52-1.47] hosp. 111 (n) 505 (n) Montelukast COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors montelukast Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.