Supplementary Data — Lactoferrin for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 8 studies

@CovidAnalysis, December 2025, Version 15V15
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Rosa 76% 0.24 [0.01-5.85] hosp. 0/82 1/39 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Rosa -40% 1.40 [0.54-3.64] recov. time 82 (n) 39 (n) Rosa 39% 0.61 [0.40-0.92] viral time 82 (n) 39 (n) Campione 47% 0.53 [0.38-0.72] viral time 32 (n) 32 (n) Campione 56% 0.44 [0.29-0.66] viral time 32 (n) 28 (n) Mann (DB RCT) -203% 3.03 [0.13-73.2] death 1/77 0/79 CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) -203% 3.03 [0.13-73.2] severe case 1/77 0/79 CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) 49% 0.51 [0.05-5.54] hosp. 1/77 2/79 CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) 49% 0.51 [0.10-2.72] hosp. 2/77 4/79 CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.45-1.22] no recov. 77 (n) 79 (n) CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) 60% 0.40 [0.16-0.99] no recov. 77 (n) 79 (n) CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) 2% 0.98 [0.68-1.41] no recov. 77 (n) 79 (n) CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) 18% 0.82 [0.51-1.30] no recov. 77 (n) 79 (n) CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) 4% 0.96 [0.74-1.24] no recov. 77 (n) 79 (n) CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) -11% 1.11 [0.90-1.37] viral+ 49/60 36/49 CT​1​ Mann (DB RCT) 8% 0.92 [0.50-1.71] PASC 15/67 16/66 CT​1​ Algahtani (RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.14-4.09] no recov. 3/36 2/18 Algahtani (RCT) 33% 0.67 [0.17-2.67] no recov. 4/36 3/18 Algahtani (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.35-2.88] no recov. 8/36 4/18 Algahtani (RCT) 0% 1.00 [0.20-4.95] no recov. 4/36 2/18 Algahtani (RCT) 25% 0.75 [0.24-2.33] no recov. 6/36 4/18 Shousha 79% 0.21 [0.03-1.48] death 1/46 52/501 LAC Matino (DB RCT) -12% 1.12 [0.59-2.10] death 18/113 15/105 LAC Matino (DB RCT) -24% 1.24 [0.62-2.49] death 16/113 12/105 LAC Matino (DB RCT) -45% 1.45 [0.65-3.20] ventilation 14/113 9/105 LAC Matino (DB RCT) -6% 1.06 [0.63-1.79] death/ICU 24/113 21/105 LAC Matino (DB RCT) -34% 1.34 [0.93-1.92] NEWS2/dis. 46/113 32/105 LF-COVID Navarro (DB RCT) -59% 1.59 [0.64-3.93] symp. case 11/104 7/105 LF-COVID Navarro (DB RCT) -23% 1.23 [0.53-2.85] cases 11/104 9/105 Pasinato (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.05-5.17] cases 1/25 2/25 Lactoferrin COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org December 2025 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors lactoferrin Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.