Supplementary Data — Lactoferrin for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 8 studies

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 15V15 (V1 2022)
c19early.org
October 2026

Lactoferrin COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Rosa76%0.24 · 0.01–5.85hosp.0/821/39 Rosa−40%1.40 · 0.54–3.64recov. time82 (n)39 (n) Rosa39%0.61 · 0.40–0.92viral time82 (n)39 (n) Campione47%0.53 · 0.38–0.72viral time32 (n)32 (n) Campione56%0.44 · 0.29–0.66viral time32 (n)28 (n) Mann (DB RCT)−203%3.03 · 0.13–73.16death1/770/79CT1 Mann (DB RCT)−203%3.03 · 0.13–73.16severe case1/770/79CT1 Mann (DB RCT)49%0.51 · 0.05–5.54hosp.1/772/79CT1 Mann (DB RCT)49%0.51 · 0.10–2.72hosp.2/774/79CT1 Mann (DB RCT)26%0.74 · 0.45–1.22no recov.77 (n)79 (n)CT1 Mann (DB RCT)60%0.40 · 0.16–0.99no recov.77 (n)79 (n)CT1 Mann (DB RCT)2%0.98 · 0.68–1.41no recov.77 (n)79 (n)CT1 Mann (DB RCT)18%0.82 · 0.51–1.30no recov.77 (n)79 (n)CT1 Mann (DB RCT)4%0.96 · 0.74–1.24no recov.77 (n)79 (n)CT1 Mann (DB RCT)−11%1.11 · 0.90–1.37viral+49/6036/49CT1 Mann (DB RCT)8%0.92 · 0.50–1.71PASC15/6716/66CT1 Algahtani (RCT)25%0.75 · 0.14–4.09no recov.3/362/18 Algahtani (RCT)33%0.67 · 0.17–2.67no recov.4/363/18 Algahtani (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.35–2.88no recov.8/364/18 Algahtani (RCT)0%1.00 · 0.20–4.95no recov.4/362/18 Algahtani (RCT)25%0.75 · 0.24–2.33no recov.6/364/18 Shousha79%0.21 · 0.03–1.48death1/4652/501 Matino (DB RCT)−12%1.12 · 0.59–2.10death18/11315/105LAC Matino (DB RCT)−24%1.24 · 0.62–2.49death16/11312/105LAC Matino (DB RCT)−45%1.45 · 0.65–3.20ventilation14/1139/105LAC Matino (DB RCT)−6%1.06 · 0.63–1.79death/ICU24/11321/105LAC Matino (DB RCT)−34%1.34 · 0.93–1.92NEWS2/dis.46/11332/105LAC Navarro (DB RCT)−59%1.59 · 0.64–3.93symp. case11/1047/105LF-COVID Navarro (DB RCT)−23%1.23 · 0.53–2.85cases11/1049/105LF-COVID Pasinato (RCT)50%0.50 · 0.05–5.17cases1/252/25
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1 CT: study uses combined treatment
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← Lactoferrin
reduces riskLactoferrin
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.