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8 lactoferrin COVID-19 controlled studies, 5 RCTs
47% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.53
[0.39-0.73]
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Rosa
76%
0.24 [0.01-5.85]
hosp.
0/82
1/39
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Rosa
-40%
1.40 [0.54-3.64]
recov. time
82 (n)
39 (n)
Rosa
39%
0.61 [0.40-0.92]
viral time
82 (n)
39 (n)
Campione
47%
0.53 [0.38-0.72]
viral time
32 (n)
32 (n)
Campione
56%
0.44 [0.29-0.66]
viral time
32 (n)
28 (n)
Mann (DB RCT)
-203%
3.03 [0.13-73.2]
death
1/77
0/79
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
-203%
3.03 [0.13-73.2]
severe case
1/77
0/79
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
49%
0.51 [0.05-5.54]
hosp.
1/77
2/79
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
49%
0.51 [0.10-2.72]
hosp.
2/77
4/79
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.45-1.22]
no recov.
77 (n)
79 (n)
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
60%
0.40 [0.16-0.99]
no recov.
77 (n)
79 (n)
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
2%
0.98 [0.68-1.41]
no recov.
77 (n)
79 (n)
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.51-1.30]
no recov.
77 (n)
79 (n)
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
4%
0.96 [0.74-1.24]
no recov.
77 (n)
79 (n)
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
-11%
1.11 [0.90-1.37]
viral+
49/60
36/49
CT1
Mann (DB RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.50-1.71]
PASC
15/67
16/66
CT1
Algahtani (RCT)
25%
0.75 [0.14-4.09]
no recov.
3/36
2/18
Algahtani (RCT)
33%
0.67 [0.17-2.67]
no recov.
4/36
3/18
Algahtani (RCT)
0%
1.00 [0.35-2.88]
no recov.
8/36
4/18
Algahtani (RCT)
0%
1.00 [0.20-4.95]
no recov.
4/36
2/18
Algahtani (RCT)
25%
0.75 [0.24-2.33]
no recov.
6/36
4/18
Shousha
79%
0.21 [0.03-1.48]
death
1/46
52/501
LAC
Matino (DB RCT)
-12%
1.12 [0.59-2.10]
death
18/113
15/105
LAC
Matino (DB RCT)
-24%
1.24 [0.62-2.49]
death
16/113
12/105
LAC
Matino (DB RCT)
-45%
1.45 [0.65-3.20]
ventilation
14/113
9/105
LAC
Matino (DB RCT)
-6%
1.06 [0.63-1.79]
death/ICU
24/113
21/105
LAC
Matino (DB RCT)
-34%
1.34 [0.93-1.92]
NEWS2/dis.
46/113
32/105
LF-COVID
Navarro (DB RCT)
-59%
1.59 [0.64-3.93]
symp. case
11/104
7/105
LF-COVID
Navarro (DB RCT)
-23%
1.23 [0.53-2.85]
cases
11/104
9/105
Pasinato (RCT)
50%
0.50 [0.05-5.17]
cases
1/25
2/25
Lactoferrin COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early .org
April 2024
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
Favors lactoferrin
Favors control
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