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Geographical distribution of trace elements (selenium, zinc, iron, copper) and case fatality rate of COVID-19: a national analysis across conterminous USA

Chen et al., Environmental Geochemistry and Health, doi:10.1007/s10653-022-01204-0
Jan 2022  
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Zinc for COVID-19
2nd treatment shown to reduce risk in July 2020, now with p = 0.00000032 from 46 studies, recognized in 17 countries.
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5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19early.org
Analysis of the geographical association between concentrations of selenium, zinc, iron, and copper in surface soils and COVID-19 case fatality rates, showing low zinc levels associated with higher case fatality rates.
Chen et al., 30 Jan 2022, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 6 authors, study period 8 October, 2020 - 25 March, 2021.
This PaperZincAll
Geographical distribution of trace elements (selenium, zinc, iron, copper) and case fatality rate of COVID-19: a national analysis across conterminous USA
Ying Chen, Zheng Feei Ma, Dahai Yu, Zifei Jiang, Bo Wang, Linxi Yuan
Environmental Geochemistry and Health, doi:10.1007/s10653-022-01204-0
data of Se, Zn, Fe and Cu in surface soils (from the National Geochemical Survey), were mapped according to geographical location at the county level across conterminous USA. Characteristics of population, socio-demographics and residential environment by county were also collected. Seven cross-sectional sampling dates, with a 4-week interval between adjacent dates, constructed an observational investigation over 24 weeks from October 8, 2020, to March 25, 2021. Multivariable fractional (logit) outcome regression analyses were used to assess the association with adjustment for potential confounding factors. In USA counties with the lowest concentration of Zn, the case fatality rate of COVID-19 was the highest, after adjustment for other influencing factors. Associations of Se, Fe and Cu with case fatality rate of COVID-19 were either inconsistent over time or disappeared after adjustment for Zn. Our large study provides epidemiological evidence suggesting an association of Zn with COVID-19 severity, suggesting Zn deficiency should be avoided.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s10653-022-01204-0. by Rural-Urban Continuum Code) was considered for adjustment as a confounding factor in the final statistical modeling, as well as other county level variables including population characteristics and socialdemographics. Concentrations of trace elements at the county level were the only data from the National Geochemical Survey. Additional information, such as other parameters of samples that determine the bioavailability of the analyzed elements, was not available. Many other variables (such as food source and details of health care service), which differ among counties, were also not available, which became one obvious limitation of this study. We did not study the incidence rate (i.e., the percentage of cases among the total population) of COVID-19. As a disease of high contagion, the incidence of COVID-19 should be more related to population characteristics (e.g., age, comorbidity) and density, living environment (e.g., urban vs. rural area) and condition, ways of transportation, All authors contributed to the study design and interpretation of the data, and all authors approved the final version of the manuscript submitted for publication. Funding No funding was received for conducting this study. Declarations Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships..
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M., ' 'Shoenfeld, Y., & Gerli, R. (2020). COVID-19 as part of the ' 'hyperferritinemic syndromes: The role of iron depletion therapy. ' 'Immunologic Research, 68(4), 213–224. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-020-09145-5', 'journal-title': 'Immunologic Research'}, { 'key': '1204_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109814', 'volume': '142', 'author': 'S Raha', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Raha, S., Mallick, R., Basak, S., & Duttaroy, A. K. (2020). Is copper ' 'beneficial for COVID-19 patients? Medical Hypotheses, 142, 109814. 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Hair ' 'SE is a sensitive biomarker to monitor the effects of SE supplementation ' 'in elderly. Biological Trace Element Research, 200, 88–496.\xa0' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02674-6', 'journal-title': 'Biological Trace Element Research'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '1204_CR45', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '370', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-018-1495-7', 'volume': '189', 'author': 'X Zhang', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Zhang, X., Wang, T., Li, S., Ye, C., Hou, J., Li, Q., et al. (2019). A ' 'Spatial Ecology Study of Keshan Disease and Hair Selenium. Biological ' 'Trace Element Research, 189(2), 370–378. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1495-7', 'journal-title': 'Biological Trace Element Research'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '1204_CR46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1297', 'DOI': '10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095', 'volume': '111', 'author': 'J Zhang', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Zhang, J., Taylor, E. W., Bennett, K., Saad, R., & Rayman, M. P. (2020). ' 'Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of ' 'COVID-19 cases in China. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, ' '111(6), 1297–1299. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095', 'journal-title': 'The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '1204_CR47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '98', 'DOI': '10.1007/s12011-018-1302-5', 'volume': '186', 'author': 'H Zhou', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Zhou, H., Wang, T., Li, Q., & Li, D. (2018). Prevention of Keshan ' 'Disease by Selenium Supplementation: A Systematic Review and ' 'Meta-analysis. Biological Trace Element Research, 186(1), 98–105. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1302-5', 'journal-title': 'Biological Trace Element Research'}, { 'key': '1204_CR49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Ji, Y., He, X., & Xue, D. (2020a). Increased serum ' 'levels of hepcidin and ferritin are associated with severity of COVID ' '19. 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' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3', 'journal-title': 'Lancet (london, England)'}], 'container-title': ['Environmental Geochemistry and Health'], 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10653-022-01204-0.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10653-022-01204-0/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10653-022-01204-0.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 30]], 'date-time': '2022-01-30T18:02:28Z', 'timestamp': 1643565748000}, 'score': 1, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 30]]}, 'references-count': 50, 'alternative-id': ['1204'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01204-0', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['0269-4042', '1573-2983'], 'issn-type': [{'value': '0269-4042', 'type': 'print'}, {'value': '1573-2983', 'type': 'electronic'}], 'subject': [ 'Geochemistry and Petrology', 'General Environmental Science', 'Water Science and Technology', 'Environmental Chemistry', 'General Medicine', 'Environmental Engineering'], 'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 30]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '29 July 2021', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '9 January 2022', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '30 January 2022', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}}, { 'value': 'The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or ' 'personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported ' 'in this paper.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Conflicts of interest'}}, { 'value': 'This content has been made available to all.', 'name': 'free', 'label': 'Free to read'}]}
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