The Combination of Bromelain and Acetylcysteine (BromAc) Synergistically Inactivates SARS-CoV-2
Javed Akhter, Grégory Quéromès, Krishna Pillai, Vahan Kepenekian, Samina Badar, Ahmed H Mekkawy, Emilie Frobert, Sarah J Valle, David L Morris
Viruses, doi:10.3390/v13030425
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the cause of a worldwide pandemic, currently with limited therapeutic options. The spike glycoprotein and envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2, containing disulfide bridges for stabilization, represent an attractive target as they are essential for binding to the ACE2 receptor in host cells present in the nasal mucosa. Bromelain and Acetylcysteine (BromAc) has synergistic action against glycoproteins by breakage of glycosidic linkages and disulfide bonds. We sought to determine the effect of BromAc on the spike and envelope proteins and its potential to reduce infectivity in host cells. Recombinant spike and envelope SARS-CoV-2 proteins were disrupted by BromAc. Spike and envelope protein disulfide bonds were reduced by Acetylcysteine. In in vitro whole virus culture of both wild-type and spike mutants, SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated a concentration-dependent inactivation from BromAc treatment but not from single agents. Clinical testing through nasal administration in patients with early SARS-CoV-2 infection is imminent.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.A., K.P., S.J.V., and D.L.M.; methodology, J.A., G.Q., K.P., S.B., and A.H.M.; validation, J.A., G.Q., K.P., V.K., S.B., and A.H.M.; investigation, J.A., G.Q., K.P., V.K., S.B., and A.H.M.; writing-original draft preparation, G.Q., K.P., V.K, A.H.M., E.F., and S.J.V.; supervision, D.L.M. and E.F.; project administration, S.J.V.; funding acquisition, S.J.V. and D.L.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflicts of
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the cause of '
'a worldwide pandemic, currently with limited therapeutic options. The spike glycoprotein and '
'envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2, containing disulfide bridges for stabilization, represent an '
'attractive target as they are essential for binding to the ACE2 receptor in host cells '
'present in the nasal mucosa. Bromelain and Acetylcysteine (BromAc) has synergistic action '
'against glycoproteins by breakage of glycosidic linkages and disulfide bonds. We sought to '
'determine the effect of BromAc on the spike and envelope proteins and its potential to reduce '
'infectivity in host cells. Recombinant spike and envelope SARS-CoV-2 proteins were disrupted '
'by BromAc. Spike and envelope protein disulfide bonds were reduced by Acetylcysteine. In in '
'vitro whole virus culture of both wild-type and spike mutants, SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated a '
'concentration-dependent inactivation from BromAc treatment but not from single agents. '
'Clinical testing through nasal administration in patients with early SARS-CoV-2 infection is '
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