The role of thymoquinone, a major constituent of Nigella sativa, in the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases
Shad et al.,
The role of thymoquinone, a major constituent of Nigella sativa, in the treatment of inflammatory and..,
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13553 (Review)
Review of the pharmacological properties of nigella sativa and thymoquinone and application for a variety of diseases, focusing on recent studies of the anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties that are promising for diseases including COVID-19.
Shad et al., 23 Jul 2021, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
Abstract: Received: 15 June 2021
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Revised: 13 July 2021
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Accepted: 14 July 2021
DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13553
REVIEW ARTICLE
The role of thymoquinone, a major constituent of Nigella sativa,
in the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases
Kaneez Fatima Shad1,2,3,4 | Wissam Soubra1,5,6 | Dennis John Cordato5,7,8
1
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,
Australia
2
Australian Catholic University, Sydney,
Australia
3
University of Health Sciences
4
ISRA University
Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is an annual flowering plant that has been used as a traditional remedy for many centuries. The seed possesses a large variety of compounds
with thymoquinone (TQ) considered its major but not sole bioactive constituent.
5
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical
Research
6
Abstract
A Health Step Clinic, Sydney, Australia
7
Department of Neurophysiology,
Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Australia
8
South Western Sydney Clinical School,
University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Australia
Correspondence
Kaneez Fatima Shad, School of Life
Sciences, University of Technology
Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Email: ftmshad@gmail.com, Kaneez.
Fatimashad@uts.edu.au
Supercritical fluid extraction, geographical location, and oxidative status of N. sativa
produces the highest yield of essential oil content including TQ. Thymoquinone is lipophilic, heat and light sensitive with low oral bioavailability and rapid elimination that
have significantly inhibited its pharmacological development. Novel developments in
nanoparticulate-based oral administration, nasal spray and transdermal delivery may
allow the clinical development of N. sativa and TQ as therapeutic agents. Animal and
human studies indicate a potential role of N. sativa seed oil and TQ for a diverse range
of disease processes including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arthritis, asthma, bacterial and viral infections, neurological and dermatological
disorders, as it belongs to the group of pan-assay interference compounds. This review outlines the pharmacological properties of N. sativa and TQ and their potential
wide application for a large variety of human diseases. The paper will focus on recent
studies of the anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties that make N. sativa and TQ
promising therapeutic agents targeting contemporary inflammatory and infectious
diseases including Covid 19.
KEYWORDS
Covid 19, oxidative stress, pan-assay interference compound, SARS-CoV-2, supercritical fluid
extraction, thymoquinone
1
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been referenced in the Old Testament's Book of Isaiah4 and by the
I NTRO D U C TI O N
Prophet Muhammad who stated that the black seed is a cure for
every disease except death.5
Nigella sativa (N. sativa or black cumin) is an annual flowering plant
Nigella sativa seed possesses a large variety of ingredients includ-
belonging to the Ranunculaceae (buttercup) family.1-3 The plant is
ing fixed oil, essential or volatile oil, proteins, alkaloids and sapo-
native to the eastern Mediterranean, Northern Africa, the Indian
nins.1 Oil content of the seed ranges from 30–4 0%, of which >98% is
1,3
The plant grows 20–30 cm long,
fixed and 0.1–2% is essential oil.3,6 The major oil components include
with a flower containing 5–10 petals and a fruit comprising a cap-
species of triacylglycerol, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
sule of 3–7 follicles that contain black-coloured seeds.1 These seeds
which may vary according to the extraction method..
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