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c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchPaxlovidPaxlovid (more..)
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Oral nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for COVID-19 in higher risk outpatients

Richards et al., New England Journal of Medicine, CanTreatCOVID, Sep 2025
https://c19early.org/richards2.html
Death/hospitalization 52% improvement lower risk ← → higher risk Paxlovid  CanTreatCOVID  EARLY TREATMENT RCT Is early treatment with paxlovid beneficial for COVID-19? RCT 667 patients in the United Kingdom (December 2021 - September 2024) Lower death/hosp. with paxlovid (not stat. sig., p=0.39) c19early.org Richards et al., New England J. Medicine, Sep 2025 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ RR
Abstract for hidden CanTreatCOVID results showing the hospitalization/death results only.
Standard of Care (SOC) for COVID-19 in the study country, the United Kingdom, is very poor with very low average efficacy for approved treatments1. The United Kingdom focused on expensive high-profit treatments, approving only one low-cost early treatment, which required a prescription and had limited adoption. The high-cost prescription treatment strategy reduces the probability of early treatment due to access and cost barriers, and eliminates complementary and synergistic benefits seen with many low-cost treatments.
risk of death/hospitalization, 51.7% lower, RR 0.48, p = 0.39, treatment 2 of 343 (0.6%), control 4 of 324 (1.2%), NNT 153, odds ratio converted to relative risk, day 28.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Richards et al., 12 Sep 2025, Randomized Controlled Trial, United Kingdom, peer-reviewed, 1 author, study period 8 December, 2021 - 30 September, 2024, CanTreatCOVID trial.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org November 2025 United Kingdom Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Canada China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore Iceland New Zealand Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia CAR The United Kingdom favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org November 2025 United Kingdom Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Vietnam Peru Philippines Spain Brazil Italy France Japan Canada China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Iran Ghana Mexico South Korea Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Zambia Fiji Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Eritrea Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore New Zealand Malawi Czechia Mongolia Israel Trinidad and Tobago North Macedonia Belarus Qatar Panama Serbia Syria The UK favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was very low.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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