The antiviral activity of iota-, kappa-, and lambda-carrageenan against COVID-19: A critical review
Andri Frediansyah
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826
Objective: There is no specific antiviral treatment available for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the possible natural constituents is carrageenan, a polymer derived from marine algae that possesses a variety of antiviral properties. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence supporting carrageenan subtypes' antiviral activity against the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar searches were conducted for publications using the terms 'carrageenan', 'iota carrageenan', 'kappa carrageenan', lambda-carrageenan', 'coronavirus', 'common cold', 'rhinovirus', and 'SARS-CoV-2 ′ search was also done in grey literature to increase our understanding. A search for the word "carrageenan" was also carried out. Most of the publications were discussed in narrative. Results: Carrageenan has been shown to have potent antiviral activity against both coronaviruses (coronavirus NL63, SARS-CoV-2) and non-coronaviruses such as dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, sindbis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, human papillomavirus, rabies virus, junin virus, tacaribe virus, African swine fever, bovine herpes virus, suid herpes virus, and rhinovirus. No in vivo study has been conducted using carrageenan as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent. The majority of the in vivo research was done on influenza, a respiratory virus that causes common cold together with coronavirus. Thus, various clinical trials were conducted to determine the transferability of these in vitro data to clinical effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. When combined with oral ivermectin, nasally administered iota-carrageenan improved outcome in COVID-19 patients. It is still being tested in clinics for single-dose administration. Conclusion: Though the carrageenan exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and was used to treat COVID-19 under emergency protocol in conjunction with oral medications such as ivermectin, there is no solid evidence from clinical trials to support its efficacy. Thus, clinical trials are required to assess its efficacy for COVID-19 treatment prior to broad application.
Declaration of competing interest None declared.
References
Andrei, Clercq, Inhibitory effect of selected antiviral compounds on arenavirus replication in vitro, Antivir Res
Baba, Nakajima, Schols, Pauwels, Balzarini et al., Pentosan polysulfate, a sulfated oligosaccharide, is a potent and selective anti-HIV agent in vitro, Antivir Res
Baba, Snoeck, Pauwels, De Clercq, Sulfated polysaccharides are potent and selective inhibitors of various enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Bansal, Jonsson, Taylor, Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture, bioRxiv
Bourne, Bourne, Reising, Stanberry, Plant products as topical microbicide candidates: assessment of in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus type 2, Antivir Res
Buck, Thompson, Roberts, Müller, Lowy et al., Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of papillomavirus infection, PLoS pathogen
Carlucci, Pujol, Ciancia, Antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties of carrageenans from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and their cyclized derivatives: correlation between structure and biological activity, Int J Biol Macromol
Carlucci, Scolaro, Damonte, Inhibitory action of natural carrageenans on Herpes simplex virus infection of mouse astrocytes, Chemotherapy
Carlucci, Scolaro, Noseda, Cerezo, Damonte, Protective effect of a natural carrageenan on genital herpes simplex virus infection in mice, Antivir Res
Chahla, Ruiz, Ortega, A randomized trial-intensive treatment based in ivermectin and iota-carrageenan as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare agents, medRxiv,
doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.21254398
Chakraborty, Maity, COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention, Sci Total Environ
Chiu, Chan, Tsai, Li, Wu, Prevention of human enterovirus 71 infection by kappa carrageenan, Antivir Res
Cicinskas, Kalitnik, Karetin, Ram, Achary et al., Immunomodulating properties of carrageenan from tichocarpus crinitus, Inflammation
De Araújo, Noseda, Cipriani, Gonçalves, Duarte et al., Selective sulfation of carrageenans and the influence of sulfate regiochemistry on anticoagulant properties, Carbohydr Polym
Diogo, Novo, González, Ciancia, Bratanich, Antiviral activity of lambda-carrageenan prepared from red seaweed (Gigartina skottsbergii) against BoHV-1 and SuHV-1, Res Vet Sci
Dos Santos-Fidencio, Gonçalves, Noseda, Duarte, Ducatti, Effects of carboxyl group on the anticoagulant activity of oxidized carrageenans, Carbohydr Polym
Eccles, Meier, Jawad, Weinmüllner, Grassauer et al., Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold, Respir Res
Eccles, Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza, Lancet Infect Dis
Eccles, Winther, Johnston, Robinson, Trampisch et al., Efficacy and safety of iota-carrageenan nasal spray versus placebo in early treatment of the common cold in adults: the ICICC trial, Respir Res
Emam, Hbs, Antitumor/antiviral carbon quantum dots based on carrageenan and pullulan, Int J Biol Macromol
Falshaw, Furneaux, Carrageenan from the tetrasporic stage of Gigartina decipiens (Gigartinaceae, rhodophyta), Carbohydr Res
Fazekas, Eickhoff, Pruckner, Lessons learned from a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study with a iota-carrageenan nasal spray as medical device in children with acute symptoms of common cold, BMC Compl Alternative Med
Fontanet, Autran, Lina, Kieny, Karim et al., SARS-CoV-2 variants and ending the COVID-19 pandemic, Lancet Infect Dis
Formiga, Leblanc, De Souza Rebouças, Farias, De Oliveira et al., Ivermectin: an award-winning drug with expected antiviral activity against COVID-19, J Contr Release
Frediansyah, Nainu, Dhama, Mudatsir, Harapan, Remdesivir and its Antiviral Activity against COVID-19: A Systematic Review9, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health
Frediansyah, Tiwari, Sharun, Dhama, Harapan, Antivirals for COVID-19: A Critical Review9, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health
Freile-Pelegrín, Robledo, Carrageenan of eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, rhodophyta) from Nicaragua, J Appl Phycol
Garcia, None
Garcia-Jimenez, Mantesa, Robaina, Expression of genes related to carrageenan synthesis during carposporogenesis of the red seaweed grateloupia imbricata, Mar Drugs
García-Villalón, Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides against African swine fever virus, Antivir Res
Garrec, Norton, Kappa carrageenan fluid gel material properties. Part 2, Tribology. Food Hydrocolloids
Gasbarri, 'kovski, Torriani, Sars-cov-2 inhibition by sulfonated compounds, Microorganisms
Gonzalez, Alarcón, Carrasco, Polysaccharides as antiviral agents: antiviral activity of carrageenan, Antimicrob Agents Chemother
Grassauer, Weinmuellner, Meier, Pretsch, Prieschl-Grassauer et al., Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection, Virol J
Greene, Burleson, Crosby, Heimann, Pigott, Coronavirus disease 2019: international public health considerations, Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open
Guo, Zhu, Yu, Inhibitory effect of iota-carrageenan on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro, Antivir Ther
Hamasuna, Eizuru, Shishime, Minamishima, Protective effect of carrageenan against murine cytomegalovirus infection in mice, Antiviral Chem Chemother
Hassanzadeh, Pena, Dragotto, Considerations around the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with particular attention to COVID-19 brain infection and neurological symptoms, ACS Chem Neurosci
Hou, Okuda, Edwards, SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract, Cell
Hu, Frieman, Insights from nanomedicine into chloroquine efficacy against COVID-19, Nat Nanotechnol
Héctor, Roberto, Psaltis, Veronica, Study of the efficacy and safety of topical ivermectin+ iota-carrageenan in the prophylaxis against COVID-19 in health personnel, Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation
Jang, Shin, Lee, Antiviral activity of lambda-carrageenan against influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Sci Rep
Ji, Wang, Wu, Luan, Bio-function summary of marine oligosaccharides, Int J Biol
Júnior, Gonçalves, Noseda, Duarte, Murakami et al., Semi-synthesis of N-alkyl-kappa-carrageenan derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activity, Carbohydr Res
Kaur, Shekhar, Sharma, Sarma, Prakash et al., Ivermectin as a potential drug for treatment of COVID-19: an in-sync review with clinical and computational attributes, Pharmacol Rep
Khotimchenko, Tiasto, Kalitnik, Antitumor potential of carrageenans from marine red algae, Carbohydr Polym
Kim, Quinn, Pinsky, Shah, Brown, Rates of co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens, J Am Med Assoc
Kolender, Pujol, Damonte, Cerezo, Matulewicz, Sulfation of kappacarrageenan and antiviral activity, Anales-Asociation Quimica Argentina
Kurtz, Righy, Gadelha, Effect of convalescent plasma in critically ill patients with COVID-19: an observational study, Front Med
Kuznetsova, Andryukov, Besednova, Zaporozhets, Kalinin, Marine algae polysaccharides as basis for wound dressings, drug delivery, and tissue engineering: a review, J Mar Sci Eng
Leibbrandt, Meier, König-Schuster, Iota-carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of influenza A virus infection, PloS One
Ludwig, Enzenhofer, Schneider, Efficacy of a carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold: a randomized controlled trial, Respir Res
Luo, Shao, Nie, Antitumor and adjuvant activity of λ-carrageenan by stimulating immune response in cancer immunotherapy, Sci Rep
Luo, Tian, Zhou, λ-carrageenan P32 is a potent inhibitor of rabies virus infection, PloS One
Mani, Govindan, Muthamilarasan, Nagarathnam, A sulfated polysaccharide κ-carrageenan induced antioxidant defense and proteomic changes in chloroplast against leaf spot disease of tomato, J Appl Phycol
Mcclure, Moore, Blanc, Investigations into the mechanism by which sulfated polysaccharides inhibit HIV infection in vitro, AIDS Res Hum Retrovir
Mcintosh, Dees, Becker, Kapikian, Chanock, Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease, PNAS,
doi:10.1073/pnas.57.4.933
Mishra, Mulani, Corticosteroids for COVID-19: the search for an optimum duration of therapy, Respiratory Medicine
Mitsuya, Looney, Kuno, Ueno, Wong-Staal et al., Dextran sulfate suppression of viruses in the HIV family: inhibition of virion binding to CD4+ cells, Sci Total Environ
Morokutti-Kurz, König-Schuster, Koller, The intranasal application of Zanamivir and carrageenan is synergistically active against influenza A virus in the murine model, PloS One
Mudatsir, Yufika, Nainu, Antiviral activity of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: an old-fashioned dog with a new trick-a literature review, Sci Pharm
Mutiawati, Fahriani, Mamada, Anosmia and dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection: incidence and effects on COVID-19 severity and mortality, and the possible pathobiology mechanisms-a systematic review and meta-analysis, Research
Mäkelä, Puhakka, Ruuskanen, Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold, J Clin Microbiol
Naidoo, Roy, Kar, Mutanda, Anandraj et al., Cyanobacterial Metabolites as Promising Drug Leads against the Mpro and PLpro of SARS-CoV-2: An in Silico Analysis, J Biomol Struct Dyn
Nainu, Abidin, Bahar, SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and implications for vaccine development, Hum Vaccines Immunother
Nakashima, Yoshida, Baba, Clercq, Yamamoto, Anti-HIV activity of dextran sulphate as determined under different experimental conditions, Antivir Res
Ning, Zhang, Yi, Synthesis of β-(1→ 6)-branched β-(1→ 3) glucohexaose and its analogues containing an α-(1→ 3) linked bond with antitumor activity
Nussinovitch, Carrageenans, Hydrocolloid Applications
Pacheco-Quito, Ruiz-Caro, Veiga, Drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications, Mar Drugs
Pirzada, Haseeb, Batool, Kim, Choi, Remdesivir and ledipasvir among the FDA-approved antiviral drugs have potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, Cells
Pons, Fodil, Azoulay, Zafrani, The vascular endothelium: the cornerstone of organ dysfunction in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, Crit Care
Roback, Guarner, Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: possibilities and challenges, J Am Med Assoc
Robba, Battaglini, Pelosi, Rocco, Multiple organ dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2: MODS-CoV-2, Expet Rev Respir Med
Roberts, Buck, Thompson, Genital transmission of HPV in a mouse model is potentiated by nonoxynol-9 and inhibited by carrageenan, Nat Med
Rodriguez-Morales, Cardona-Ospina, Ocampo, Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and metaanalysis, Trav Med Infect Dis
Rosa, Biological properties of carrageenan, J Pharm Pharmacol
Rosik, Lechowicz, FDA approved drugs with pharmacotherapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) therapy, Drug Resist Updates
Schütz, Conzelmann, Fois, Carrageenan containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,
doi:10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020
Shao, Cheng, The reproductive number R0 of COVID-19 based on estimate of a statistical time delay dynamical system, MedRxiv,
doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.20023747
Shao, Guo, Xu, Li, Tong Zhao, Specific inhibitory effect of κ-carrageenan polysaccharide on swine pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, PloS One
Shoumann, Hegazy, Nafae, Use of ivermectin as a potential chemoprophylaxis for COVID-19 in Egypt: a randomized clinical trial, J Clin Diagn Res
Song, Peng, Wang, Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2, Food Funct,
doi:10.1039/D0FO02017F
Stanley, Production, properties and uses of carrageenan. Production utilization of products from commercial seaweeds, FAO Fish Tech Pap
Sugawara, Itoh, Kimura, Mori, Shimada, Further characterization of sulfated homopolysaccharides as anti-HIV agents, Experientia
Syahrul, Maliga, Ilmawan, Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis-a systematic review and meta-analysis, Research
Talarico, Damonte, Interference in dengue virus adsorption and uncoating by carrageenans, Virol J
Talarico, Noseda, Ducatti, Duarte, Damonte, Differential inhibition of dengue virus infection in mammalian and mosquito cells by iotacarrageenan, J Gen Virol
Therkelsen, Carrageenan. Industrial Gums
Wang, Zhang, Hao, Zhang, Cui et al., In vitro inhibitory effect of carrageenan oligosaccharide on influenza A H1N1 virus, Antivir Res
Weiner, Food additive carrageenan: Part II: a critical review of carrageenan in vivo safety studies, Crit Rev Toxicol
Who, Solidarity" Clinical Trial for COVID-19 Treatments
Wong, Craigie, Sulfohydrolase activity and carrageenan biosynthesis in Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyceae), Plant Physiol
Worldometers, COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic
Yang, Atkinson, Wang, The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin α/β1 heterodimer, Antivir Res
Yuan, Song, Li, Li, Dai, Immunomodulation and antitumor activity of κ-carrageenan oligosaccharides, Canc Lett
Yusuf, Fahriani, Mamada, Global prevalence of prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 survivors and potential pathogenesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Research
Yutaro, Osamu, Ryusuke, Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity with curdlan sulfate in vitro, Biochem Pharmacol
Zhou, Yang, Wang, A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature
Zia, Tabasum, Nasif, A review on synthesis, properties and applications of natural polymer based carrageenan blends and composites, Int J Biol Macromol
{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 6, 5]], 'date-time': '2024-06-05T13:37:01Z', 'timestamp': 1717594621600},
'reference-count': 100,
'publisher': 'Elsevier BV',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 10, 1]],
'date-time': '2021-10-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1633046400000},
'content-version': 'tdm',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/'},
{ 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2021, 6, 22]],
'date-time': '2021-06-22T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1624320000000},
'content-version': 'vor',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/'}],
'content-domain': { 'domain': ['cegh.net', 'elsevier.com', 'sciencedirect.com'],
'crossmark-restriction': True},
'published-print': {'date-parts': [[2021, 10]]},
'DOI': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': {'date-parts': [[2021, 6, 29]], 'date-time': '2021-06-29T15:47:28Z', 'timestamp': 1624981648000},
'page': '100826',
'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 36,
'title': 'The antiviral activity of iota-, kappa-, and lambda-carrageenan against COVID-19: A critical '
'review',
'prefix': '10.1016',
'volume': '12',
'author': [{'given': 'Andri', 'family': 'Frediansyah', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}],
'member': '78',
'reference': [ { 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '138882',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882',
'article-title': 'COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment '
'and prevention',
'volume': '728',
'author': 'Chakraborty',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Sci Total Environ'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib2',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '70',
'DOI': '10.1002/emp2.12040',
'article-title': 'Coronavirus disease 2019: international public health considerations',
'volume': '1',
'author': 'Greene',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib3',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '3061',
'DOI': '10.1080/21645515.2020.1830683',
'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and implications for vaccine development',
'volume': '16',
'author': 'Nainu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Hum Vaccines Immunother'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib4',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2085',
'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.6266',
'article-title': 'Rates of co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory '
'pathogens',
'volume': '323',
'author': 'Kim',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J Am Med Assoc'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib5',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '429',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.042',
'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in '
'the respiratory tract',
'volume': '182',
'author': 'Hou',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Cell'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib6',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '101623',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623',
'article-title': 'Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic '
'review and meta-analysis',
'author': 'Rodriguez-Morales',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Trav Med Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib7',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '865',
'DOI': '10.1080/17476348.2020.1778470',
'article-title': 'Multiple organ dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2: MODS-CoV-2',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Robba',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Expet Rev Respir Med'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib8',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1186/s13054-020-03062-7',
'article-title': 'The vascular endothelium: the cornerstone of organ dysfunction in '
'severe SARS-CoV-2 infection',
'volume': '24',
'author': 'Pons',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Crit Care'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib9',
'first-page': '10',
'article-title': 'Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease '
'2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis-a systematic review and '
'meta-analysis',
'author': 'Syahrul',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'F1000Research'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib10',
'first-page': '10',
'article-title': 'Anosmia and dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection: incidence and effects on '
'COVID-19 severity and mortality, and the possible pathobiology '
'mechanisms-a systematic review and meta-analysis',
'author': 'Mutiawati',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'F1000Research'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib11',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '301',
'DOI': '10.12688/f1000research.52216.1',
'article-title': 'Global prevalence of prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 '
'survivors and potential pathogenesis: a systematic review and '
'meta-analysis',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Yusuf',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'F1000Research'},
{'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib12', 'author': 'Worldometers'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib13',
'article-title': 'The reproductive number R0 of COVID-19 based on estimate of a '
'statistical time delay dynamical system',
'author': 'Shao',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'MedRxiv'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib14',
'series-title': 'Antivirals for COVID-19: A Critical Review',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Frediansyah',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib15',
'first-page': '952',
'article-title': 'SARS-CoV-2 variants and ending the COVID-19 pandemic',
'volume': '397',
'author': 'Fontanet',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib16',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '270',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7',
'article-title': 'A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat '
'origin',
'volume': '579',
'author': 'Zhou',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Nature'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib17',
'series-title': 'Remdesivir and its Antiviral Activity against COVID-19: A Systematic '
'Review',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Frediansyah',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib18',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '36',
'DOI': '10.3390/scipharm88030036',
'article-title': 'Antiviral activity of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: an old-fashioned '
'dog with a new trick—a literature review',
'volume': '88',
'author': 'Mudatsir',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Sci Pharm'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib19',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Ivermectin as a potential drug for treatment of COVID-19: an in-sync '
'review with clinical and computational attributes',
'author': 'Kaur',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Pharmacol Rep'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib20',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1561',
'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.4940',
'article-title': 'Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: possibilities and challenges',
'volume': '323',
'author': 'Roback',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J Am Med Assoc'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib21',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.3389/fmed.2021.630982',
'article-title': 'Effect of convalescent plasma in critically ill patients with COVID-19: '
'an observational study',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Kurtz',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Front Med'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib22',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '247',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41565-020-0674-9',
'article-title': 'Insights from nanomedicine into chloroquine efficacy against COVID-19',
'volume': '15',
'author': 'Hu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Nat Nanotechnol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib23',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '104760',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104760',
'article-title': 'The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear '
'transport importin α/β1 heterodimer',
'volume': '177',
'author': 'Yang',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib24',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '100719',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.drup.2020.100719',
'article-title': 'FDA approved drugs with pharmacotherapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 '
'(COVID-19) therapy',
'author': 'Drożdżal',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Drug Resist Updates'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib25',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1052',
'DOI': '10.3390/cells10051052',
'article-title': 'Remdesivir and ledipasvir among the FDA-approved antiviral drugs have '
'potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Pirzada',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Cells'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib26',
'unstructured': 'WHO. “Solidarity” Clinical Trial for COVID-19 Treatments 2020.'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib27',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e8',
'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30530-0',
'article-title': 'Corticosteroids for COVID-19: the search for an optimum duration of '
'therapy',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Mishra',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib28',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '116568',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116568',
'article-title': 'Antitumor potential of carrageenans from marine red algae',
'author': 'Khotimchenko',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Carbohydr Polym'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib29',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '481',
'DOI': '10.3390/jmse8070481',
'article-title': 'Marine algae polysaccharides as basis for wound dressings, drug '
'delivery, and tissue engineering: a review',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Kuznetsova',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J Mar Sci Eng'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib30',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '539',
'DOI': '10.1128/JCM.36.2.539-542.1998',
'article-title': 'Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold',
'volume': '36',
'author': 'Mäkelä',
'year': '1998',
'journal-title': 'J Clin Microbiol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib31',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Lessons learned from a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study '
'with a iota-carrageenan nasal spray as medical device in children with '
'acute symptoms of common cold',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Fazekas',
'year': '2012',
'journal-title': 'BMC Compl Alternative Med'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib32',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1186/1743-422X-5-107',
'article-title': 'Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Grassauer',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'Virol J'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib33',
'series-title': 'Carrageenan. Industrial Gums',
'first-page': '145',
'author': 'Therkelsen',
'year': '1993'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib34',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '663',
'DOI': '10.1104/pp.61.4.663',
'article-title': 'Sulfohydrolase activity and carrageenan biosynthesis in Chondrus '
'crispus (Rhodophyceae)',
'volume': '61',
'author': 'Wong',
'year': '1978',
'journal-title': 'Plant Physiol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib35',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '432',
'DOI': '10.3390/md18090432',
'article-title': 'Expression of genes related to carrageenan synthesis during '
'carposporogenesis of the red seaweed grateloupia imbricata',
'volume': '18',
'author': 'Garcia-Jimenez',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Mar Drugs'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib36',
'first-page': '171',
'article-title': 'Carrageenan from the tetrasporic stage of Gigartina decipiens '
'(Gigartinaceae, rhodophyta)',
'volume': '252',
'author': 'Falshaw',
'year': '1994',
'journal-title': 'Carbohydr Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib37',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '537',
'DOI': '10.1007/s10811-007-9270-8',
'article-title': 'Carrageenan of eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, rhodophyta) from '
'Nicaragua',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Freile-Pelegrín',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'J Appl Phycol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib38',
'series-title': 'Carrageenans. Hydrocolloid Applications',
'first-page': '40',
'author': 'Nussinovitch',
'year': '1997'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib39',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '282',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.095',
'article-title': 'A review on synthesis, properties and applications of natural polymer '
'based carrageenan blends and composites',
'volume': '96',
'author': 'Zia',
'year': '2017',
'journal-title': 'Int J Biol Macromol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib40',
'first-page': '116',
'article-title': 'Production, properties and uses of carrageenan. Production utilization '
'of products from commercial seaweeds',
'volume': '288',
'author': 'Stanley',
'year': '1987',
'journal-title': 'FAO Fish Tech Pap'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib41',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '160',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.01.019',
'article-title': 'Kappa carrageenan fluid gel material properties. Part 2: Tribology',
'volume': '33',
'author': 'Garrec',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Food Hydrocolloids'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib42',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '89',
'DOI': '10.1111/j.2042-7158.1972.tb08940.x',
'article-title': 'Biological properties of carrageenan',
'volume': '24',
'author': 'Di Rosa',
'year': '1972',
'journal-title': 'J Pharm Pharmacol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib43',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '244',
'DOI': '10.3109/10408444.2013.861798',
'article-title': 'Food additive carrageenan: Part II: a critical review of carrageenan in '
'vivo safety studies',
'volume': '44',
'author': 'Weiner',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Crit Rev Toxicol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib44',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Antitumor and adjuvant activity of λ-carrageenan by stimulating immune '
'response in cancer immunotherapy',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Luo',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib45',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '688',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.151',
'article-title': 'Antitumor/antiviral carbon quantum dots based on carrageenan and '
'pullulan',
'volume': '170',
'author': 'Emam',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Int J Biol Macromol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib46',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'A sulfated polysaccharide κ-carrageenan induced antioxidant defense and '
'proteomic changes in chloroplast against leaf spot disease of tomato',
'author': 'Mani',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'J Appl Phycol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib47',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '108234',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.carres.2021.108234',
'article-title': 'Semi-synthesis of N-alkyl-kappa-carrageenan derivatives and evaluation '
'of their antibacterial activity',
'volume': '499',
'author': 'Júnior',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Carbohydr Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib48',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '97',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0141-8130(96)01145-2',
'article-title': 'Antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties of carrageenans from the red '
'seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and their cyclized derivatives: '
'correlation between structure and biological activity',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Carlucci',
'year': '1997',
'journal-title': 'Int J Biol Macromol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib49',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '483',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.034',
'article-title': 'Selective sulfation of carrageenans and the influence of sulfate '
'regiochemistry on anticoagulant properties',
'volume': '91',
'author': 'de Araújo',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Carbohydr Polym'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib50',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '286',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.057',
'article-title': 'Effects of carboxyl group on the anticoagulant activity of oxidized '
'carrageenans',
'volume': '214',
'author': 'dos Santos-Fidencio',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Carbohydr Polym'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib51',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '228',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.canlet.2005.11.032',
'article-title': 'Immunomodulation and antitumor activity of κ-carrageenan '
'oligosaccharides',
'volume': '243',
'author': 'Yuan',
'year': '2006',
'journal-title': 'Canc Lett'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib52',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Immunomodulating properties of carrageenan from tichocarpus crinitus',
'author': 'Cicinskas',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Inflammation'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib53',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1388',
'DOI': '10.1128/AAC.31.9.1388',
'article-title': 'Polysaccharides as antiviral agents: antiviral activity of carrageenan',
'volume': '31',
'author': 'Gonzalez',
'year': '1987',
'journal-title': 'Antimicrob Agents Chemother'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib54',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Antiviral activity of lambda-carrageenan against influenza viruses and '
'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Jang',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib55',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '583',
'DOI': '10.3390/md18110583',
'article-title': 'Drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications',
'volume': '18',
'author': 'Pacheco-Quito',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Mar Drugs'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib56',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1742',
'DOI': '10.1128/AAC.32.11.1742',
'article-title': 'Sulfated polysaccharides are potent and selective inhibitors of various '
'enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, '
'vesicular stomatitis virus, and human immunodeficiency virus',
'volume': '32',
'author': 'Baba',
'year': '1988',
'journal-title': 'Antimicrob Agents Chemother'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib57',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '287',
'DOI': '10.1016/0166-3542(90)90009-V',
'article-title': 'Inhibitory effect of selected antiviral compounds on arenavirus '
'replication in vitro',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Andrei',
'year': '1990',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib58',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '139',
'DOI': '10.1016/0166-3542(91)90031-L',
'article-title': 'Antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides against African swine '
'fever virus',
'volume': '15',
'author': 'García-Villalón',
'year': '1991',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib59',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '335',
'DOI': '10.1016/0166-3542(88)90035-6',
'article-title': 'Pentosan polysulfate, a sulfated oligosaccharide, is a potent and '
'selective anti-HIV agent in vitro',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Baba',
'year': '1988',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib60',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '261',
'DOI': '10.3851/IMP3295',
'article-title': 'Inhibitory effect of iota-carrageenan on porcine reproductive and '
'respiratory syndrome virus in vitro',
'volume': '24',
'author': 'Guo',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Ther'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib61',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '473',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.043',
'article-title': 'Interference in dengue virus adsorption and uncoating by carrageenans',
'volume': '363',
'author': 'Talarico',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'Virol J'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib62',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '233',
'DOI': '10.1016/0166-3542(89)90033-8',
'article-title': 'Anti-HIV activity of dextran sulphate as determined under different '
'experimental conditions',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Nakashima',
'year': '1989',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib63',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '793',
'DOI': '10.1016/0006-2952(90)90161-D',
'article-title': 'Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity with curdlan sulfate in vitro',
'volume': '39',
'author': 'Yutaro',
'year': '1990',
'journal-title': 'Biochem Pharmacol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib64',
'first-page': '646',
'article-title': 'Dextran sulfate suppression of viruses in the HIV family: inhibition of '
'virion binding to CD4+ cells',
'volume': '240',
'author': 'Mitsuya',
'year': '1988',
'journal-title': 'Sci Total Environ'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib65',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '996',
'DOI': '10.1007/BF01953060',
'article-title': 'Further characterization of sulfated homopolysaccharides as anti-HIV '
'agents',
'volume': '45',
'author': 'Sugawara',
'year': '1989',
'journal-title': 'Experientia'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib66',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '19',
'DOI': '10.1089/aid.1992.8.19',
'article-title': 'Investigations into the mechanism by which sulfated polysaccharides '
'inhibit HIV infection in vitro',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'McClure',
'year': '1992',
'journal-title': 'AIDS Res Hum Retrovir'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib67',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '429',
'DOI': '10.1159/000007236',
'article-title': 'Inhibitory action of natural carrageenans on Herpes simplex virus '
'infection of mouse astrocytes',
'volume': '45',
'author': 'Carlucci',
'year': '1999',
'journal-title': 'Chemotherapy'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib68',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '128',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.05.009',
'article-title': 'Prevention of human enterovirus 71 infection by kappa carrageenan',
'volume': '95',
'author': 'Chiu',
'year': '2012',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib69',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '237',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.010',
'article-title': 'In vitro inhibitory effect of carrageenan oligosaccharide on influenza '
'A H1N1 virus',
'volume': '92',
'author': 'Wang',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib70',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0014320',
'article-title': 'Iota-carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of influenza A virus infection',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Leibbrandt',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'PloS One'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib71',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0128794',
'article-title': 'The intranasal application of Zanamivir and carrageenan is '
'synergistically active against influenza A virus in the murine model',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Morokutti-Kurz',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'PloS One'},
{ 'issue': '1',
'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib72',
'first-page': '74',
'article-title': 'Bio-function summary of marine oligosaccharides',
'volume': '3',
'author': 'Ji',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'Int J Biol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib73',
'first-page': '2193',
'article-title': 'Synthesis of β-(1→ 6)-branched β-(1→ 3) glucohexaose and its analogues '
'containing an α-(1→ 3) linked bond with antitumor activity',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Ning',
'year': '2003'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib74',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '933',
'DOI': '10.1073/pnas.57.4.933',
'article-title': 'Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with '
'respiratory disease',
'volume': '57',
'author': 'McIntosh',
'year': '1967',
'journal-title': 'PNAS'},
{ 'issue': '2',
'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib75',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0237480',
'article-title': 'Iota-carrageenan neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and inhibits viral replication '
'in vitro',
'volume': '16',
'author': 'Morokutti-Kurz',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'PloS One'},
{ 'issue': '9',
'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib76',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '7415',
'DOI': '10.1039/D0FO02017F',
'article-title': 'Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides against '
'SARS-CoV-2',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Song',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Food Funct'},
{ 'issue': '12',
'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib77',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1894',
'DOI': '10.3390/microorganisms8121894',
'article-title': 'Sars-cov-2 inhibition by sulfonated compounds',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Gasbarri',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Microorganisms'},
{ 'issue': '5',
'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib78',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'L750',
'DOI': '10.1152/ajplung.00552.2020',
'article-title': 'Carrageenan containing over-the-counter nasal and oral sprays inhibit '
'SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelial cultures',
'volume': '320',
'author': 'Schütz',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib79',
'series-title': 'Iota-carrageenan and xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture',
'author': 'Bansal',
'year': '2020'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib80',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '353',
'DOI': '10.1177/095632029300400607',
'article-title': 'Protective effect of carrageenan against murine cytomegalovirus '
'infection in mice',
'volume': '4',
'author': 'Hamasuna',
'year': '1993',
'journal-title': 'Antiviral Chem Chemother'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib81',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '219',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0166-3542(99)00020-0',
'article-title': 'Plant products as topical microbicide candidates: assessment of in '
'vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus type 2',
'volume': '42',
'author': 'Bourne',
'year': '1999',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib82',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '137',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.07.001',
'article-title': 'Protective effect of a natural carrageenan on genital herpes simplex '
'virus infection in mice',
'volume': '64',
'author': 'Carlucci',
'year': '2004',
'journal-title': 'Antivir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib83',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '857',
'DOI': '10.1038/nm1598',
'article-title': 'Genital transmission of HPV in a mouse model is potentiated by '
'nonoxynol-9 and inhibited by carrageenan',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Roberts',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'Nat Med'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib84',
'first-page': '1',
'article-title': 'Cyanobacterial Metabolites as Promising Drug Leads against the Mpro and '
'PLpro of SARS-CoV-2: An in Silico Analysis',
'volume': '18',
'author': 'Naidoo',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J Biomol Struct Dyn'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib85',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '718',
'DOI': '10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X',
'article-title': 'Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Eccles',
'year': '2005',
'journal-title': 'Lancet Infect Dis'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib86',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1186/1465-9921-11-108',
'article-title': 'Efficacy and safety of an antiviral Iota-Carrageenan nasal spray: a '
'randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study in '
'volunteers with early symptoms of the common cold',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Eccles',
'year': '2010',
'journal-title': 'Respir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib87',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1186/1465-9921-14-124',
'article-title': 'Efficacy of a carrageenan nasal spray in patients with common cold: a '
'randomized controlled trial',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Ludwig',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Respir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib88',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1186/s12931-015-0281-8',
'article-title': 'Efficacy and safety of iota-carrageenan nasal spray versus placebo in '
'early treatment of the common cold in adults: the ICICC trial',
'volume': '16',
'author': 'Eccles',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'Respir Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib89',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2361',
'DOI': '10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00373',
'article-title': 'Considerations around the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with particular '
'attention to COVID-19 brain infection and neurological symptoms',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Hassanzadeh',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'ACS Chem Neurosci'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib90',
'article-title': 'Effectiveness of ivermectin as add-on therapy in COVID-19 management '
'(pilot trial)',
'author': 'Gorial',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'medRxiv'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib91',
'first-page': '15',
'article-title': 'Use of ivermectin as a potential chemoprophylaxis for COVID-19 in '
'Egypt: a randomized clinical trial',
'author': 'Shoumann',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'J Clin Diagn Res'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib92',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '758',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.009',
'article-title': 'Ivermectin: an award-winning drug with expected antiviral activity '
'against COVID-19',
'volume': '329',
'author': 'Formiga',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'J Contr Release'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib93',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.31546/2633-8653.1007',
'article-title': 'Study of the efficacy and safety of topical ivermectin+ '
'iota-carrageenan in the prophylaxis against COVID-19 in health '
'personnel',
'volume': '2',
'author': 'Héctor',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Investigation'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib94',
'article-title': 'A randomized trial-intensive treatment based in ivermectin and '
'iota-carrageenan as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare '
'agents',
'author': 'Chahla',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'medRxiv'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib95',
'first-page': '304',
'article-title': 'Sulfation of kappa-carrageenan and antiviral activity',
'volume': '86',
'author': 'Kolender',
'year': '1998',
'journal-title': 'Anales-Asociation Quimica Argentina'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib96',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e69',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.ppat.0020069',
'article-title': 'Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of papillomavirus infection',
'volume': '2',
'author': 'Buck',
'year': '2006',
'journal-title': 'PLoS pathogen'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib97',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0140586',
'article-title': 'λ-carrageenan P32 is a potent inhibitor of rabies virus infection',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Luo',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'PloS One'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib98',
'article-title': 'Specific inhibitory effect of κ-carrageenan polysaccharide on swine '
'pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Shao',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'PloS One'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib99',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1332',
'DOI': '10.1099/vir.0.028522-0',
'article-title': 'Differential inhibition of dengue virus infection in mammalian and '
'mosquito cells by iota-carrageenan',
'volume': '92',
'author': 'Talarico',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'J Gen Virol'},
{ 'key': '10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826_bib100',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '142',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.11.010',
'article-title': 'Antiviral activity of lambda-carrageenan prepared from red seaweed '
'(Gigartina skottsbergii) against BoHV-1 and SuHV-1',
'volume': '98',
'author': 'Diogo',
'year': '2015',
'journal-title': 'Res Vet Sci'}],
'container-title': 'Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2213398421001342?httpAccept=text/xml',
'content-type': 'text/xml',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
{ 'URL': 'https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2213398421001342?httpAccept=text/plain',
'content-type': 'text/plain',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'text-mining'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 2, 5]],
'date-time': '2022-02-05T10:13:47Z',
'timestamp': 1644056027000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213398421001342'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2021, 10]]},
'references-count': 100,
'alternative-id': ['S2213398421001342'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['2213-3984'],
'subject': [],
'container-title-short': 'Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2021, 10]]},
'assertion': [ {'value': 'Elsevier', 'name': 'publisher', 'label': 'This article is maintained by'},
{ 'value': 'The antiviral activity of iota-, kappa-, and lambda-carrageenan against '
'COVID-19: A critical review',
'name': 'articletitle',
'label': 'Article Title'},
{ 'value': 'Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health',
'name': 'journaltitle',
'label': 'Journal Title'},
{ 'value': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100826',
'name': 'articlelink',
'label': 'CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version'},
{'value': 'article', 'name': 'content_type', 'label': 'Content Type'},
{ 'value': '© 2021 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of INDIACLEN.',
'name': 'copyright',
'label': 'Copyright'}],
'article-number': '100826'}