Serum zinc levels in pediatric patients with COVID-19

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1007/s00431-021-04348-w", "ISSN": [ "0340-6199", "1432-1076" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-04348-w", "alternative-id": [ "4348" ], "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "26 May 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Revised", "name": "revised", "order": 2, "value": "18 November 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 3, "value": "13 December 2021" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 4, "value": "22 January 2022" }, { "group": { "label": "Declarations", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1 }, { "group": { "label": "Ethics approval", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "Ethics committee approval was obtained." }, { "group": { "label": "Consent to participate", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work." }, { "group": { "label": "Consent for publication", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 4, "value": "All authors have given consent for the study to be published in European Journal of Pediatrics." }, { "group": { "label": "Conflict of interest", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 5, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." }, { "label": "Free to read", "name": "free", "value": "This content has been made available to all." } ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-1726", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Ekemen Keleş", "given": "Yıldız", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Yılmaz Çiftdoğan", "given": "Dilek", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Çolak", "given": "Ayfer", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Kara Aksay", "given": "Ahu", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Üstündag", "given": "Gülnihan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Şahin", "given": "Aslıhan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Yılmaz", "given": "Nisel", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": [ "European Journal of Pediatrics" ], "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 22 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-22T00:04:11Z", "timestamp": 1642809851000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 22 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-22T06:04:13Z", "timestamp": 1642831453000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 22 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-22T14:10:18Z", "timestamp": 1642860618921 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issn-type": [ { "type": "print", "value": "0340-6199" }, { "type": "electronic", "value": "1432-1076" } ], "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 22 ] ] }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://www.springer.com/tdm", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 22 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-22T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1642809600000 } }, { "URL": "https://www.springer.com/tdm", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 22 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-22T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1642809600000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00431-021-04348-w.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-021-04348-w/fulltext.html", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00431-021-04348-w.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1007", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 22 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 22 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.2147/JIR.S295377", "author": "N Samad", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "527", "journal-title": "J inflamm Res", "key": "4348_CR1", "unstructured": "Samad N, Sodunke TE, Abubakar AR, Jahan I, Sharma P, Islam S, Dutta S, Haque M (2021) The implications of zinc therapy in combating the COVID-19 global pandemic. J inflamm Res 14:527–550. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S295377", "volume": "14", "year": "2021" }, { "key": "4348_CR2", "unstructured": "International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG), Brown KH, Rivera JA, Bhutta Z, Gibson RS, King JC, Lönnerdal B, Ruel MT, Sandtröm B, Wasantwisut E, Hotz C (2004) International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) technical document# 1. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control. Food Nutr Bull 25(03):99–203" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/15648265070283S303", "author": "SY Hess", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "S403", "journal-title": "Food Nutr Bull", "key": "4348_CR3", "unstructured": "Hess SY, Peerson JM, King JC, Brown KH (2007) Use of serum zinc concentration as an indicator of population zinc status. Food Nutr Bull 28:S403-429. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265070283S303", "volume": "28", "year": "2007" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ajcn/68.2.425S", "author": "KH Brown", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "425", "journal-title": "Am J Clin Nutr", "key": "4348_CR4", "unstructured": "Brown KH (1998) Effect of infections on plasma zinc concentration and implications for zinc status assessment in low-income countries. Am J Clin Nutr 68:425–529. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.2.425S", "volume": "68", "year": "1998" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/232480a0", "author": "MH Briggs", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "480", "issue": "5311", "journal-title": "Nature", "key": "4348_CR5", "unstructured": "Briggs MH, Briggs M, Austin J (1971) Effects of steroid pharmaceuticals on plasma zinc. Nature 232(5311):480–481. https://doi.org/10.1038/232480a0", "volume": "232", "year": "1971" }, { "DOI": "10.1177/0884533615570376", "author": "C Livingstone", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "371", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Nutr Clin Pract", "key": "4348_CR6", "unstructured": "Livingstone C (2015) Zinc: physiology, deficiency, and parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 30(3):371–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533615570376", "volume": "30", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230G", "author": "NM Lowe", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2040", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Am J Clin Nutr", "key": "4348_CR7", "unstructured": "Lowe NM, Fekete K, Decsi T (2009) Methods of assessment of zinc status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 89(6):2040–2051. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27230G", "volume": "89", "year": "2009" }, { "DOI": "10.1039/c3mt00353a", "author": "H Haase", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1175", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Metallomics", "key": "4348_CR8", "unstructured": "Haase H, Rink L (2014) Multiple impacts of zinc on immune function. Metallomics 6(7):1175–1180. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3mt00353a", "volume": "6", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1155/2018/6872621", "author": "H Gao", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "6872621", "journal-title": "J Immunol Res", "key": "4348_CR9", "unstructured": "Gao H, Dai W, Zhao L, Min J, Wang F (2018) The role of zinc and zinc homeostasis in macrophage function. J Immunol Res 6:6872621. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6872621", "volume": "6", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu9121286", "author": "I Wessels", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1286", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "4348_CR10", "unstructured": "Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L (2017) Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients 9(12):1286. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121286", "volume": "9", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/AAC.48.3.783-790.2004", "author": "RO Suara", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "783", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Antimicrob Agents Chemother", "key": "4348_CR11", "unstructured": "Suara RO, Crowe JE (2004) Effect of zinc salts on respiratory syncytial virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48(3):783–790. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.3.783-790.2004", "volume": "48", "year": "2004" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.14.2.282-291.1974", "author": "BE Butterworth", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "282", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Virol", "key": "4348_CR12", "unstructured": "Butterworth BE, Korant BD (1974) Characterization of the large picornaviral polypeptides produced in the presence of zinc ion. J Virol 14(2):282–291. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.14.2.282-291.1974", "volume": "14", "year": "1974" }, { "DOI": "10.1620/tjem.251.175", "author": "MS Razzaque", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "175", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Tohoku J Exp Med", "key": "4348_CR13", "unstructured": "Razzaque MS (2020) COVID-19 pandemic: can maintaining optimal zinc balance enhance host resistance? Tohoku J Exp Med 251(3):175–181. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.251.175", "volume": "251", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575", "author": "AV Skalny", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "17", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Int J Mol Med", "key": "4348_CR14", "unstructured": "Skalny AV, Rink L, Ajsuvakova OP, Aschner M, Gritsenko VA, Alekseenko SI, Svistunov AA, Petrakis D, Spandidos DA, Aaseth J, Tsatsakis A et al (2020) Zinc and respiratory tract infections: perspectives for COVID-19. Int J Mol Med 46(1):17–26. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4575", "volume": "46", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.00754-17", "author": "N Kaushik", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e00754", "issue": "21", "journal-title": "J Virol", "key": "4348_CR15", "unstructured": "Kaushik N, Subramani C, Anang S, Muthumohan R, Nayak B, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Surjit M (2017) Zinc salts block hepatitis E virus replication by inhibiting the activity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J Virol 91(21):e00754-e817. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00754-17", "volume": "91", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.3969/j.issn.1673-4130.2016.17.017", "author": "Z Che", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2401", "issue": "17", "journal-title": "Int J Lab Med", "key": "4348_CR16", "unstructured": "Che Z, Sun J (2016) Investigation on relationship between whole blood zinc and Fe elements with children pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Int J Lab Med 37(17):2401–2402. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-4130.2016.17.017", "volume": "37", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12519-015-0072-9", "author": "X Yuan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "166", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "World Journal Pediatr", "key": "4348_CR17", "unstructured": "Yuan X, Qian S-Y, Li Z, Zhang Z-Z (2016) Effect of zinc supplementation on infants with severe pneumonia. World Journal Pediatr 12(2):166–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-015-0072-9", "volume": "12", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ajcn/78.4.756", "author": "C Hotz", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "756", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Am J Clin Nutr", "key": "4348_CR18", "unstructured": "Hotz C, Peerson JM, Brown KH (2003) Suggested lower cutoffs of serum zinc concentrations for assessing zinc status: reanalysis of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (1976–1980). Am J Clin Nutr 78(4):756–764. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.4.756", "volume": "78", "year": "2003" }, { "DOI": "10.1079/pns2005468", "author": "DI Thurnham", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "502", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Proc Nutr Soc", "key": "4348_CR19", "unstructured": "Thurnham DI, Mburu AS, Mwaniki DL, De Wagt A (2005) Micronutrients in childhood and the influence of subclinical inflammation. Proc Nutr Soc 64(4):502–509. https://doi.org/10.1079/pns2005468", "volume": "64", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.008", "author": "P Bonaventura", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "277", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Autoimmun Rev", "key": "4348_CR20", "unstructured": "Bonaventura P, Benedetti G, Albarède F, Miossec P (2015) Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation. Autoimmun Rev 14(4):277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.008", "volume": "14", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.010", "author": "ZR Lonergan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1041", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Trends Biochem Sci", "key": "4348_CR21", "unstructured": "Lonergan ZR, Skaar EP (2019) Nutrient zinc at the host–pathogen interface. Trends Biochem Sci 44(12):1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.010", "volume": "44", "year": "2019" }, { "key": "4348_CR22", "unstructured": "King JC, Cousins RJ (2014) Zinc. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR (ed) Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11rd edn. PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, p 189–192" }, { "author": "KM Hambidge", "first-page": "55", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis", "key": "4348_CR23", "unstructured": "Hambidge KM, Goodall MJ, Stall C, Pritts J (1989) Post-prandial and daily changes in plasma zinc. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 3(1):55–57", "volume": "3", "year": "1989" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.014", "author": "D Jothimani", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "343", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Int J Infect Dis", "key": "4348_CR24", "unstructured": "Jothimani D, Kailasam E, Danielraj S, Nallathambi B, Ramachandran H, Sekar P, Manoharan S, Ramani V, Narasimhan G, Kaliamoorthy I et al (2020) COVID-19: poor outcomes in patients with zinc deficiency. Int J Infect Dis 100(11):343–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.014", "volume": "100", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.008", "author": "Y Yasui", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "230", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Int J of Infect Dis", "key": "4348_CR25", "unstructured": "Yasui Y, Yasui H, Suzuki K, Saitou T, Yamamoto Y, Ishizaka T, Nishida K, Yoshihara S, Gohma I, Ogawa Y (2020) Analysis of the predictive factors for a critical illness of COVID-19 during treatment-relationship between serum zinc level and critical illness of COVID-19. Int J of Infect Dis 100(11):230–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.008", "volume": "100", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/jmv.26895", "author": "O Patel", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "3261", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "J Medl Virol", "key": "4348_CR26", "unstructured": "Patel O, Chinni V, El-Khoury J, Perera M, Neto AS, McDonald C, See E, Jones D, Bolton D, Bellomo R, Trubiano J, Ischia J (2021) A pilot double-blind safety and feasibility randomized controlled trial of high-dose intravenous zinc in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Medl Virol 93(5):3261–3267. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26895", "volume": "93", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.53", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "4348_CR27", "unstructured": "Kumar N, Jayaprakash S, Kavitha D (2017) Low serum zinc level-a possible marker of severe pneumonia. JMScR 5:21554–21570. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.53" }, { "DOI": "10.1111/ijcp.13211", "author": "NY Saleh", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Int J Clin Pract", "key": "4348_CR28", "unstructured": "Saleh NY, Abo El Fotoh WMM (2018) Low serum zinc level: the relationship with severe pneumonia and survival in critically ill children. Int J Clin Pract 72(6):e13211. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13211", "volume": "72", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.4314/ahs.v14i1.21", "author": "RM Ibraheem", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "136", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Afr Health Sci", "key": "4348_CR29", "unstructured": "Ibraheem RM, Johnson AB, Abdulkarim AA, Biliaminu SA (2014) Serum zinc levels in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections in the north-central region of Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 14(1):136–142. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v14i1.21", "volume": "14", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S23", "author": "MY Yakoob", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "BMC Public Health", "key": "4348_CR30", "unstructured": "Yakoob MY, Theodoratou E, Jabeen A, Imdad A, Eisele TP, Ferguson J, Jhass A, Rudan I, Campbell H, Black RE et al (2011) Preventive zinc supplementation in developing countries: impact on mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. BMC Public Health 11(3):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-S3-S23", "volume": "11", "year": "2011" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.082", "author": "JS Yao", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "108", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Chest", "key": "4348_CR31", "unstructured": "Yao JS, Paguio JA, Dee EC, Tan HC, Moulick A, Milazzo C, Jurado J, Della Penna N, Celi LA (2021) The minimal effect of zinc on the survival of hospitalized patients with Covid-19: an observational study. Chest 159(1):108–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.082", "volume": "159", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90091-3", "author": "FW Beck", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "147", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Lab Clin Med", "key": "4348_CR32", "unstructured": "Beck FW, Kaplan J, Fine N, Handschu W, Prasad AS (1997) Decreased expression of CD73 (ecto-5’-nucleotidase) in the CD8+ subset is associated with zinc deficiency in human patients. J Lab Clin Med 130(2):147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90091-3", "volume": "130", "year": "1997" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu13020562", "author": "M Vogel-González", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "562", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "4348_CR33", "unstructured": "Vogel-González M, Talló-Parra M, Herrera-Fernández V, Pérez-Vilaró G, Chillón M, Nogués X, Gómez-Zorrilla S, López-Montesinos I, Arnau-Barrés I, Sorli-Redó ML et al (2021) Low zinc levels at admission associates with poor clinical outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrients 13(2):562. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020562", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.redox.2020.101764", "author": "RA Heller", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Redox Biol", "key": "4348_CR34", "unstructured": "Heller RA, Sun Q, Hackler J, Seelig J, Seibert L, Cherkezov A, Minich WB, Seemann P, Diegmann J, Pilz M et al (2021) Prediction of survival odds in COVID-19 by zinc, age and selenoprotein P as composite biomarker. Redox Biol 38(1):101764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101764", "volume": "38", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/advances/nmz013", "author": "SA Read", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "696", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Adv Nutr", "key": "4348_CR35", "unstructured": "Read SA, Obeid S, Ahlenstiel C, Ahlenstiel G (2019) The role of zinc in antiviral immunity. Adv Nutr 10(4):696–710. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz013", "volume": "10", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu10111620", "author": "YL Ko", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1620", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "4348_CR36", "unstructured": "Ko YL, Morihara D, Shibata K, Yamauchi R, Fukuda H, Kunimoto H, Takata K, Tanaka T, Inomata S, Yokoyama K et al (2018) Factors attenuating zinc deficiency improvement in direct-acting antiviral agent-treated chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Nutrients 10(11):1620. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111620", "volume": "10", "year": "2018" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/0042-6822(78)90274-x", "author": "B Fridlender", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "551", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Virology", "key": "4348_CR37", "unstructured": "Fridlender B, Chejanovsky N, Becker Y (1978) Selective inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase by zinc ions. Virology 84(2):551–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(78)90274-x", "volume": "84", "year": "1978" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ije/dyp391", "author": "DE Roth", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "795", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Int J Epidemiol", "key": "4348_CR38", "unstructured": "Roth DE, Richard SA, Black RE (2010) Zinc supplementation for the prevention of acute lower respiratory infection in children in developing countries: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Int J Epidemiol 39(3):795–808. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp391", "volume": "39", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.4081/pr.2019.7954", "author": "S Rerksuppaphol", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "15", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Pediatr Rep", "key": "4348_CR39", "unstructured": "Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol L (2019) A randomized controlled trial of zinc supplementation in the treatment of acute respiratory tract infection in Thai children. Pediatr Rep 11(2):15–20. https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2019.7954", "volume": "11", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fped.2019.00431", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "key": "4348_CR40", "unstructured": "Acevedo-Murillo JA, García León ML, Firo-Reyes V, Santiago-Cordova JL, Gonzalez-Rodriguez AP, Wong-Chew RM (2019) Zinc supplementation promotes a Th1 response and improves clinical symptoms in fewer hours in children with pneumonia younger than 5 years old. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Front Pediatr 14(7):431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00431" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "author": "MS Freiberg", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "JAMA Netw Open", "key": "4348_CR41", "unstructured": "Freiberg MS, Cheng DM, Gnatienko N, Blokhina E, Coleman SM, Doyle MF, Yaroslavtseva T, Bridden C, So-Armah K, Tracy R et al (2020) Effect of zinc supplementation vs placebo on mortality risk and HIV disease progression among HIV-positive adults with heavy alcohol use: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 3(5):e204330. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330", "volume": "3", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109848", "author": "A Kumar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Med hypotheses", "key": "4348_CR42", "unstructured": "Kumar A, Kubota Y, Chernov M, Kasuya H (2020) Potential role of zinc supplementation in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Med hypotheses 144:109848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109848", "volume": "144", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1099/jmm.0.001250", "author": "PM Carlucci", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1228", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "J Med Microbiol", "key": "4348_CR43", "unstructured": "Carlucci PM, Ahuja T, Petrilli C, Rajagopalan H, Jones S, Rahimian J (2020) Zinc sulfate in combination with a zinc ionophore may improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J Med Microbiol 69(10):1228–1234. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001250", "volume": "69", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0946-672X(97)80032-6", "author": "M Rükgauer", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "92", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Trace Elem Med Biol", "key": "4348_CR44", "unstructured": "Rükgauer M, Klein J, Kruse-Jarres J (1997) Reference values for the trace elements copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc in the serum/plasma of children, adolescents, and adults. J Trace Elem Med Biol 11(2):92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0946-672X(97)80032-6", "volume": "11", "year": "1997" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms18102197", "author": "K Subramanian Vignesh", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2197", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Int J Mol Sci", "key": "4348_CR45", "unstructured": "Subramanian Vignesh K, Deepe GS Jr (2017) Metallothioneins: emerging modulators in immunity and infection. Int J Mol Sci 18(10):2197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102197", "volume": "18", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.010", "author": "ZR Lonergan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1041", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Trends Biochem Sci", "key": "4348_CR46", "unstructured": "Lonergan ZR, Skaar EP (2019) Nutrient zinc at the host-pathogen interface. Trends Biochem Sci 44(12):1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.010", "volume": "44", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2021.699389", "author": "S Singh", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Front Immunol", "key": "4348_CR47", "unstructured": "Singh S, Diwaker A, Singh BP, Singh RK (2021) Nutritional immunity, zinc sufficiency, and COVID-19 mortality in socially similar European populations. Front Immunol 12(9):699389. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.699389", "volume": "12", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu11112671", "author": "MF Escobedo-Monge", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "2671", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "4348_CR48", "unstructured": "Escobedo-Monge MF, Ayala-Macedo G, Sakihara G, Peralta S, Almaraz-Gómez A, Barrado E, Marugán-Miguelsanz JM (2019) Effects of zinc supplementation on nutritional status in children with chronic kidney disease: a randomized trial. Nutrients 11(11):2671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112671", "volume": "11", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1515/jpem.2005.18.1.69", "author": "S Imamoğlu", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "69", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab", "key": "4348_CR49", "unstructured": "Imamoğlu S, Bereket A, Turan S, Taga Y, Haklar G (2005) Effect of zinc supplementation on growth hormone secretion, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, somatomedin generation, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and growth in prepubertal children with idiopathic short stature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 18(1):69–74. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem.2005.18.1.69", "volume": "18", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.4162/nrp.2020.14.2.117", "author": "R Mandlik", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "117", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Nutr Res Pract", "key": "4348_CR50", "unstructured": "Mandlik R, Mughal Z, Khadilkar A, Chiplonkar S, Ekbote V, Kajale N, Patwardhan V, Padidela R, Khadilkar V (2020) Occurrence of infections in schoolchildren subsequent to supplementation with vitamin D-calcium or zinc: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Res Pract 14(2):117–126. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2020.14.2.117", "volume": "14", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ajcn/nqz304", "author": "CM McDonald", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "927", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Am J Clin Nutr", "key": "4348_CR51", "unstructured": "McDonald CM, Suchdev PS, Krebs NF, Hess SY, Wessells KR, Ismaily S, Rahman S, Wieringa FT, Williams AM, Brown KH et al (2020) Adjusting plasma or serum zinc concentrations for inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr 111(4):927–937. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz304", "volume": "111", "year": "2020" } ], "reference-count": 51, "references-count": 51, "relation": {}, "score": 1, "short-container-title": [ "Eur J Pediatr" ], "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [ "Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health" ], "subtitle": [], "title": [ "Serum zinc levels in pediatric patients with COVID-19" ], "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy" }