Contribution of vitamin D3 and thiols status to the outcome of COVID-19 disease in Italian pediatric and adult patients

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-023-29519-7", "ISSN": [ "2045-2322" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29519-7", "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 2020, causing unprecedented disease with million deaths across the globe, mostly adults. Indeed, children accounted for only a few percent of cases. Italy was the first Western country struck by the COVID-19 epidemic. Increasing age, which is one of the principal risk factors for COVID-19 mortality, is associated with declined glutathione (GSH) levels. Over the last decade, several studies demonstrated that both vitamin D (VD) and GSH have immunomodulatory properties. To verify the association between VD, GSH and the outcome of COVID-19 disease, we conducted a multicenter retrospective study in 35 children and 128 adult patients with COVID-19. Our study demonstrated a hypovitaminosis D in COVID-19 patients, suggesting a possible role of low VD status in increasing the risk of COVID-19 infection and subsequent hospitalization. In addition, we find a thiol disturbance with a GSH depletion associated to the disease severity. In children, who fortunately survived, both VD and GSH levels at admission were higher than in adults, suggesting that lower VD and thiols levels upon admission may be a modifiable risk factor for adverse outcomes and mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "29519" ], "article-number": "2504", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "19 September 2022" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "6 February 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "13 February 2023" }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interest", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Annamaria", "given": "D’Alessandro", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Domenico", "given": "Ciavardelli", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-9419", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Anna", "given": "Pastore", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Santina", "given": "Lupisella", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Carmela", "given": "Cristofaro Rosa", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Giovina", "given": "Di Felice", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Salierno", "given": "Roberta", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Marco", "given": "Infante", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Alberto", "given": "De Stefano", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Andrea", "given": "Onetti Muda", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Maria", "given": "Morello", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Ottavia", "given": "Porzio", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Scientific Reports", "container-title-short": "Sci Rep", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 2, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2023-02-13T21:32:39Z", "timestamp": 1676323959000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 2, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2023-02-13T21:35:33Z", "timestamp": 1676324133000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/501100003196", "award": [ "RC 202105_INNOV_ONETTI" ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "Ministero della Salute" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 2, 14 ] ], "date-time": "2023-02-14T05:11:56Z", "timestamp": 1676351516374 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 2, 13 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 2, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2023-02-13T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1676246400000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 2, 13 ] ], "date-time": "2023-02-13T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1676246400000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29519-7.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29519-7", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29519-7.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1038", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 2, 13 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2023, 2, 13 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.redox.2021.101902", "author": "D Giustarini", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "101902", "journal-title": "Redox Biol.", "key": "29519_CR1", "unstructured": "Giustarini, D., Santucci, A., Bartolini, D., Galli, F. & Rossi, R. 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