Significantly lower risk is seen for mortality, ventilation, hospitalization, and recovery. 10 studies from 10 independent teams in 6 countries show significant benefit.

Meta-analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows 34% [24‑42%] lower risk. Results are similar for higher quality studies and slightly worse for Randomized Controlled Trials. Early treatment is more effective than late treatment.

Results are very robust—in worst case exclusion sensitivity analysis 15 of 18 studies must be excluded before statistical significance is lost.

3 RCTs with 268 patients have not reported results (up to 5 years late).

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine safe and effective options with individual risk/benefit analysis and monitoring. Other treatments are more effective. Dietary sources may be preferred. The quality of non-prescription supplements varies widely1-3. All data and sources to reproduce this analysis are in the appendix.

7 other meta-analyses show significant improvements with melatonin for mortality4-7, mechanical ventilation8, hospitalization6,8, clinical improvement8, and recovery9,10.

7 meta-analyses show significant improvements with melatonin for mortality1-4, mechanical ventilation5, hospitalization3,5, improvement5, and recovery6,7.