Supplementary Data — Vitamin B9 for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 18 studies (12 treatment studies and 6 sufficiency studies)

@CovidAnalysis, November 2025, Version 9V9
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Bejan 9% 0.91 [0.33-2.53] death 353 (n) 8,853 (n) Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Bejan 1% 0.99 [0.38-2.53] ventilation 355 (n) 8,874 (n) Bejan 17% 0.83 [0.34-2.02] ICU 356 (n) 8,911 (n) Meisel 27% 0.73 [0.26-2.04] death 23 (n) 310 (n) Meisel 6% 0.94 [0.43-2.07] death/int. 23 (n) 310 (n) Bliek-Bueno -87% 1.87 [1.51-2.33] death 8,570 (all patients) CT​1​ Bliek-Bueno -170% 2.70 [1.83-3.99] death 8,570 (all patients) CT​1​ Bliek-Bueno -59% 1.59 [1.21-2.04] death 8,570 (all patients) CT​1​ Deschasaux-Tanguy 16% 0.84 [0.72-0.98] cases 7,766 (all patients) per SD change Monserrat .. (PSM) -132% 2.32 [1.36-4.08] death n/a n/a Nimer 28% 0.72 [0.42-1.23] hosp. 16/213 203/1,935 Nimer 28% 0.72 [0.43-1.15] severe case 19/213 241/1,935 MacFadden 0% 1.00 [0.93-1.07] cases n/a n/a Loucera 1% 0.99 [0.81-1.20] death 624 (n) 15,344 (n) Topless -164% 2.64 [2.15-3.24] death population-based cohort Topless -51% 1.51 [1.42-1.61] cases population-based cohort Farag (CLUS. RCT) 88% 0.12 [0.04-0.36] cases 4/224 20/139 Farag (CLUS. RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.16-0.75] cases 8/163 20/139 Akbar -18% 1.18 [0.83-1.66] cases 316 (n) 9,684 (n) Zhang 40% 0.60 [0.26-1.38] cases 566 (n) 34 (n) Vitamin B9 COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors vitamin B9 Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.