Supplementary Data — Vitamin B9 for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 18 studies (12 treatment studies and 6 sufficiency studies)

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 9V9 (V1 2023)
c19early.org
October 2026

Vitamin B9 COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Bejan9%0.91 · 0.33–2.53death353 (n)8,853 (n) Bejan1%0.99 · 0.38–2.53ventilation355 (n)8,874 (n) Bejan17%0.83 · 0.34–2.02ICU356 (n)8,911 (n) Meisel27%0.73 · 0.26–2.04death23 (n)310 (n) Meisel6%0.94 · 0.43–2.07death/int.23 (n)310 (n) Bliek-Bueno−87%1.87 · 1.51–2.33death8,570 (all patients)CT1 Bliek-Bueno−170%2.70 · 1.83–3.99death8,570 (all patients)CT1 Bliek-Bueno−59%1.59 · 1.21–2.04death8,570 (all patients)CT1 Deschasaux-Tanguy16%0.84 · 0.72–0.98cases7,766 (all patients)per SD change Monserrat .. (PSM)−132%2.32 · 1.36–4.08deathn/an/a Nimer28%0.72 · 0.42–1.23hosp.16/213203/1,935 Nimer28%0.72 · 0.43–1.15severe case19/213241/1,935 MacFadden0%1.00 · 0.93–1.07casesn/an/a Loucera1%0.99 · 0.81–1.20death624 (n)15,344 (n) Topless−164%2.64 · 2.15–3.24deathpopulation-based cohort Topless−51%1.51 · 1.42–1.61casespopulation-based cohort Farag (CLUS. RCT)88%0.12 · 0.04–0.36cases4/22420/139 Farag (CLUS. RCT)66%0.34 · 0.16–0.75cases8/16320/139 Akbar−18%1.18 · 0.83–1.66cases316 (n)9,684 (n) Zhang40%0.60 · 0.26–1.38cases566 (n)34 (n)
00.511.52+
1 CT: study uses combined treatment
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← Vitamin B9
reduces riskVitamin B9
increases risk →
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.