Supplementary Data — Thermotherapy reduces COVID-19 risk: real-time meta analysis of 4 studies

@CovidAnalysis, November 2025, Version 2V2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Huang (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-3.97] oxygen 0/25 2/25 diathermy Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Huang (RCT) 40% 0.60 [0.16-2.25] hosp. 3/25 5/25 diathermy Huang (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.16-0.70] no recov. 6/25 18/25 diathermy Huang (RCT) 15% 0.85 [0.72-0.99] recov. time 25 (n) 25 (n) diathermy Huang (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.12-0.90] no recov. 25 (n) 25 (n) diathermy Huang (RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.17-0.67] no recov. 25 (n) 25 (n) diathermy Huang (RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-3.97] viral+ 0/25 2/25 diathermy Huang (RCT) 50% 0.50 [0.14-1.78] viral+ 3/25 6/25 diathermy Huang (RCT) -57% 1.57 [0.73-3.39] viral+ 11/25 7/25 diathermy Huang (RCT) -28% 1.28 [0.98-1.67] viral+ 23/25 18/25 diathermy Dominguez-Nicolas 53% 0.47 [0.22-1.01] no improv. 8/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 93% 0.07 [0.01-0.48] no improv. 0/17 3/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 93% 0.07 [0.01-0.48] no improv. 0/17 3/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 96% 0.04 [0.00-0.68] no improv. 0/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 82% 0.18 [0.07-0.47] no improv. 3/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 53% 0.47 [0.22-1.01] no improv. 8/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 35% 0.65 [0.30-1.39] no improv. 11/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 35% 0.65 [0.30-1.39] no improv. 11/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 18% 0.82 [0.59-1.15] no improv. 14/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 18% 0.82 [0.59-1.15] no improv. 14/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 12% 0.88 [0.65-1.20] no improv. 15/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Dominguez-Nicolas 6% 0.94 [0.71-1.24] no improv. 16/17 5/5 LF-ThMS Tian (DB RCT) 84% 0.16 [0.02-1.40] ventilation 1/27 3/13 diathermy Tian (DB RCT) 76% 0.24 [0.05-1.15] ICU 2/27 4/13 diathermy Tian (DB RCT) 67% 0.33 [0.15-0.72] no recov. 27 (n) 13 (n) diathermy Tian (DB RCT) 73% 0.27 [0.11-0.67] no recov. 27 (n) 13 (n) diathermy Excluded Bonfanti (RCT) -11% 1.11 [0.39-3.19] death 4/9 4/10 Ventilated patients Excluded Bonfanti (RCT) 26% 0.74 [0.16-3.48] death 2/9 3/10 Ventilated patients TherMoCoV Mancilla-G.. (RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.22-1.45] death 6/54 10/51 heating pad TherMoCoV Mancilla-G.. (RCT) 43% 0.57 [0.14-2.25] death 3/54 5/51 heating pad TherMoCoV Mancilla-G.. (RCT) 21% 0.79 [0.26-2.42] ventilation 5/54 6/51 heating pad TherMoCoV Mancilla-G.. (RCT) 17% 0.83 [0.45-1.52] progression 14/54 16/51 heating pad Thermotherapy COVID-19 outcomes c19early.org November 2025 Favors thermotherapy Favors control
Fig. S1. All outcomes.
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Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.