Role of nutrient supplements in children with post-COVID condition: a retrospective preliminary observation and narrative review
Rosa Morello, Cristina De Rose, Laura Martino, Francesca Raffaelli, Giuseppe Zampino, Piero Valentini, Danilo Buonsenso
Italian Journal of Pediatrics, doi:10.1186/s13052-025-01961-5
Background Post-COVID Condition (PCC), emerging as a significant long-term consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, affects not only adults but also the pediatric population. Despite ongoing research, the precise pathophysiology of PCC remains elusive. However, several putative mechanisms have been identified, leading to the exploration of various therapeutic strategies. Notably, in the adult population, there has been substantial interest in the potential efficacy of nutritional supplements. Regrettably, information regarding the use of such supplements in the pediatric population is currently lacking.
Methods The present study was conducted to assess the impact of nutritional supplements on alleviating long COVID symptoms in children. To achieve this, we conducted a retrospective analysis of nutrient supplements administered by parents to children with Post-COVID Condition (PCC) between February 2020 and October 2022. Statistical analyses were employed to determine associations between categorical variables. Results A total of 1243 children were enrolled following documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 940 (76.2%) diagnosed as recovered and 294 (23.8%) diagnosed with Long COVID. Among Long COVID patients experiencing disabling symptoms, treatment with oral lactoferrin and/or a Multi-Element Product (MEP) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties was initiated. The correlation analysis between the use of supplements and persistence of long COVID at the next follow-up showed that the use of MEP alone (OR 5.7,, or the combination of MEP and lactoferrin (OR 5.06, 95% CI 3.3-7.6) three months after the initial infection and for the following three months, were associated with a lower risk having long covid at six months following initial infection, when compared with the use of lactoferrin alone ).
Conclusions This proof-of-concept study revealed that MEP and lactoferrin, when administered three months after initial infection in patients with a new diagnosis of long covid, may have a positive impact on improving Long COVID symptoms in children during follow-up evaluations. This positive trend toward reducing Post-COVID Condition (PCC) exhibited by MEP and lactoferrin suggested a potential benefit worthy of exploration in future randomized controlled trials.
Abbreviations
PCC Post covid condition MEP Multi-Element Product
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 1 8 6 / s 1 3 0 5 2 -0 2 5 -0 1 9 6 1 -5.
Supplementary Material 1 Author contributions DB conceptualized the study. DB, CDR and RM collected data. DB performed the statistical analyses. PV was responsible for study and team supervision. DB and RM wrote the initial draft of the manuscript, and the final version and coordinated the revision process. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the local ethics committee ("Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli", Ethic approval ID4518, Prot0040139/21).Consent for publication was obtained according to Ethic Committee's procedures.
Consent for publication Not applicable.
Competing interests This study is part of a larger study funded by a Pfizer non-competitive grant, granted to DB for the definition of long-term outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. The funder had no role in the development of the project nor the interpretation of results. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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