New insights of propolis nanoformulation and its therapeutic potential in human diseases

Review of propolis nanoformulations and their therapeutic potential in various human diseases. Authors provide an overview of the chemical composition and biological activities of propolis, noting challenges such as poor bioavailability and solubility. Nanoformulation strategies are discussed as a means to enhance the therapeutic effects of propolis. The review covers pharmacological actions of nanopropolis in diabetes, liver disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, viral and bacterial infections, inflammation, oral/dental disease, and wound healing. For viral infections, studies showed Thai propolis nanoparticles reduced cytotoxicity, inactivated viral particles, and decreased HSV replication gene expression, while propolis nanofiber exhibited antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2. Authors highlight the need for further research.