The Effects of Propolis on Viral Respiratory Diseases
Marcin Ożarowski, Tomasz M Karpiński
Molecules, doi:10.3390/molecules28010359
Propolis remains an interesting source of natural chemical compounds that show, among others, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Due to the growing incidence of respiratory tract infections caused by various pathogenic viruses, complementary methods of prevention and therapy supporting pharmacotherapy are constantly being sought out. The properties of propolis may be important in the prevention and treatment of respiratory tract diseases caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, influenza viruses, the parainfluenza virus and rhinoviruses. One of the main challenges in recent years has been severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19. Recently, an increasing number of studies are focusing on the activity of various propolis preparations against SARS-CoV-2 as an adjuvant treatment for this infection. Propolis has shown a few key mechanisms of anti-SARS-CoV-2 action such as: the inhibition of the interaction of the S1 spike protein and ACE-2 protein; decreasing the replication of viruses by diminishing the synthesis of RNA transcripts in cells; decreasing the particles of coronaviruses. The anti-viral effect is observed not only with extracts but also with the single biologically active compounds found in propolis (e.g., apigenin, caffeic acid, chrysin, kaempferol, quercetin). Moreover, propolis is effective in the treatment of hyperglycemia, which increases the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The aim of the literature review was to summarize recent studies from the PubMed database evaluating the antiviral activity of propolis extracts in terms of prevention and the therapy of respiratory tract diseases (in vitro, in vivo, clinical trials). Based upon this review, it was found that in recent years studies have focused mainly on the assessment of the effectiveness of propolis and its chemical components against COVID-19. Propolis exerts widespectrum antimicrobial activities; thus, propolis extracts can be an effective option in the prevention and treatment of co-infections associated with diseases of the respiratory tract.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Sample Availability: Not applicable.
References
Ali, Kunugi, Propolis, bee honey, and their components protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review of in silico, in vitro, and clinical studies, Molecules,
doi:10.3390/molecules26051232Bachevski, Damevska, Simeonovski, Dimova, Back to the basics: Propolis and COVID-19, Dermatol. Ther,
doi:10.1111/dth.13780Balica, Vostinaru, Stefanescu, Mogosan, Iaru et al., Potential Role of Propolis in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Plants,
doi:10.3390/plants10050883Basu, Sarkar, Maulik, Molecular docking study of potential phytochemicals and their efects on the complex of SARS-CoV2 spike protein and human ACE2, Sci. Rep,
doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74715-4Berretta, Silveira, Cóndor Capcha, De Jong, Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, Biomed. Pharmacother,
doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622Chen, Michaelis, Hsu, Tsai, Yang et al., Toona sinensis Roem tender leaf extract inhibits SARS coronavirus replication, J. Ethnopharmacol,
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.048Cohen, Varsano, Kahan, Sarrell, Uziel, Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med,
doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.3.217Di Pierro, Zanvit, Colombo, Role of a proprietary propolis-based product on the wait-and-see approach in acute otitis media and in preventing evolution to tracheitis, bronchitis, or rhinosinusitis from nonstreptococcal pharyngitis, Int. J. Gen. Med,
doi:10.2147/IJGM.S118967Dilokthornsakul, Kosiyaporn, Wuttipongwaragon, Dilokthornsakul, Potential effects of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and treatment: A systematic review of in silico and clinical studies, J. Integr. Med,
doi:10.1016/j.joim.2022.01.008Drago, De Vecchi, Nicola, Gismondo, In vitro antimicrobial activity of a novel propolis formulation (Actichelated propolis), J. Appl. Microbiol,
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03421.xEsposito, Garzarella, Bocchino, D'avino, Caruso et al., A standardized polyphenol mixture extracted from poplar-type propolis for remission of symptoms of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (URTI): A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Phytomedicine,
doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153368Farrell, Zhao, Tarquinio, Brown, Causes and consequences of COVID-19-associated bacterial infections, Front. Microbiol,
doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.682571Fiorini, Scorza, De Almeida, Fonseca, Finsterer et al., Antiviral activity of Brazilian green propolis extract against SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection: Case report and review, Clinics,
doi:10.6061/clinics/2021/e2357Ghosh, Al-Sharify, Maleka, Onyeaka, Maleke et al., Propolis efficacy on SARS-COV viruses: A review on antimicrobial activities and molecular simulations, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int,
doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21652-6Governa, Cusi, Borgonetti, Sforcin, Terrosi et al., Beyond the biological effect of a chemically characterized poplar propolis: Antibacterial and antiviral activity and comparison with flurbiprofen in cytokines release by LPS stimulated human mononuclear cells, Biomedicines,
doi:10.3390/biomedicines7040073Güler, Ay Şal, Can, Kara, Yildiz et al., Targeting CoV-2 spike RBD and ACE-2 interaction with flavonoids of Anatolian propolis by in silico and in vitro studies in terms of possible COVID-19 therapeutics
Harisna, Nurdiansyah, Syaifie, Nugroho, Saputro et al., In silico investigation of potential inhibitors to main protease and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in propolis, Biochem. Biophys. Rep,
doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100969Hoque, Akter, Mishu, Islam, Rahman et al., Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis, Microb. Pathog,
doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104941Jamshidnia, Sewell, Rafieian-Kopaei, An Update on Promising Agents against COVID-19: Secondary metabolites and mechanistic aspects, Curr. Pharm. Des,
doi:10.2174/1381612828666220722124826Jin, Ren, Li, Gao, Zhang et al., Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019, EClinicalMedicie,
doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100986Kai, Obuchi, Yoshida, Watanabe, Tsutsumi et al., In vitro and in vivo anti-influenza virus activities of flavonoids and related compounds as components of Brazilian propolis (AF-08), J. Funct. Foods,
doi:10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.019Khan, Saddique, Tahir, Amjad, Ahmad et al., A Short Review on Key Role of Plants and their Extracts in Boosting up Immune Response to Combat COVID-19, Infect. Disord. Drug. Targets,
doi:10.2174/1871526521666210527091939Khayyal, El-Ghazaly, El-Khatib, Hatem, De Vries et al., A clinical pharmacological study of the potential beneficial effects of a propolis food product as an adjuvant in asthmatic patients, Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol,
doi:10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00117.xKosari, Noureddini, Khamechi, Najafi, Ghaderi et al., The effect of propolis plus Hyoscyamus niger L. methanolic extract on clinical symptoms in patients with acute respiratory syndrome suspected to COVID-19: A clinical trial, Phytother Res,
doi:10.1002/ptr.7116Kujumgiev, Tsvetkova, Serkedjieva, Bankova, Christov et al., Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin, J. Ethnopharmacol,
doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00131-7Kuropatnicki, Szliszka, Krol, Historical aspects of propolis research in modern times, Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med,
doi:10.1155/2013/964149Kwon, Shin, Perumalsamy, Wang, Ahn, Antiviral effects and possible mechanisms of action of constituents from Brazilian propolis and related compounds, J. Apic. Res,
doi:10.1080/00218839.2019.1695715Lima, Brito, Da Cruz Nizer, Bee products as a source of promising therapeutic and chemoprophylaxis strategies against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), Phyther. Res,
doi:10.1002/ptr.6872Magnavacca, Sangiovanni, Racagni, Dell'agli, The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of propolis: An update and future perspectives for respiratory diseases, Med. Res. Rev,
doi:10.1002/med.21866Malekmohammad, Rafieian-Kopaei, Mechanistic aspects of medicinal plants and secondary metabolites against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Curr. Pharm. Des,
doi:10.2174/1381612827666210705160130Miryan, Soleimani, Dehghani, Sohrabi, Khorvash et al., The effect of propolis supplementation on clinical symptoms in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial, Trials,
doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04934-7Münstedt, Bee products and the treatment of blister-like lesions around the mouth, skin and genitalia caused by herpes viruses -A systematic review, Complement. Ther. Med,
doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.014Ozarowski, Karpinski, Alam, Łochynska, Antifungal Properties of Chemically Defined Propolis from Various Geographical Regions, Microorganisms,
doi:10.3390/microorganisms10020364Pourajam, Kalantari, Talebzadeh, Mellali, Sami et al., Secondary bacterial infection and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19 admitted to two intensive care units of an academic hospital in Iran during the first wave of the pandemic, Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol,
doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.784130Refaat, Mady, Sarhan, Rateb, Alaaeldin, Optimization and evaluation of propolis liposomes as a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19, Int. J. Pharm,
doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120028Richards, Kodjamanova, Chen, Li, Atanasov et al., Economic burden of COVID-19: A Systematic Review, ClinicoEcon. Outcomes Res,
doi:10.2147/CEOR.S338225Ripari, Sartori, Honorio, Conte, Tasca et al., Propolis antiviral and immunomodulatory activity: A review and perspectives for COVID-19 treatment, J. Pharm. Pharmacol,
doi:10.1093/jpp/rgaa067Rojczyk, Klama-Baryła, Łabuś, Wilemska-Kucharzewska, Kucharzewski, Historical and modern research on propolis and its application in wound healing and other fields of medicine and contributions by Polish studies, J. Ethnopharmacol,
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113159Sberna, Biagi, Marafini, Nardacci, Biava et al., In vitro evaluation of antiviral efficacy of a standardized hydroalcoholic extract of poplar type propolis against SARS-CoV-2, Front Microbiol,
doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.799546Schwarz, Sauter, Wang, Zhang, Sun et al., Kaempferol derivatives as antiviral drugs against the 3a channel protein of coronavirus, Planta Med,
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1360277Serkedjieva, Manolova, Bankova, Anti-influenza virus effect of some propolis constituents and their analogues (esters of substituted cinnamic acids), J. Nat. Prod,
doi:10.1021/np50081a003Shimizu, Hino, Tsutsumi, Park, Watanabe et al., Anti-influenza virus activity of propolis in vitro and its efficacy against influenza infection in mice, Antivir. Chem. Chemother,
doi:10.1177/095632020801900102Silva, Francisco, Saraiva, Francisco, Carrascosa et al., The cardiovascular therapeutic potential of propolis-A comprehensive review, Biology,
doi:10.3390/biology10010027Silva-Beltrán, Galvéz-Ruíz, Ikner, Umsza-Guez, De Paula Castro et al., In vitro antiviral effect of Mexican and Brazilian propolis and phenolic compounds against human coronavirus 229, E. Int. J. Environ. Health Res,
doi:10.1080/09603123.2022.2110576Silveira, De Jong, Berretta, Galvão, Ribeiro et al., Efficacy of Brazilian green propolis (EPP-AF ® ) as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized, controlled clinical trial, Biomed Pharmacother,
doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111526Sokolonski, Fonseca, Machado, Deegan, Araújo et al., Activity of antifungal drugs and Brazilian red and green propolis extracted with different methodologies against oral isolates of Candida spp, BMC Complement. Med. Ther,
doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03445-5Soleymani, Naghizadeh, Karimi, Zarei, Mardi et al., COVID-19: General strategies for herbal therapies, J. Evid. Based Integr. Med,
doi:10.1177/2515690X211053641Stähli, Schröter, Bullitta, Serralutzu, Dore et al., In vitro activity of propolis on oral microorganisms and biofilms, Antibiotics,
doi:10.3390/antibiotics10091045Takemura, Urushisaki, Fukuoka, Hosokawa-Muto, Hata et al., 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, a major constituent of Brazilian propolis, increases TRAIL expression and extends the lifetimes of mice infected with the Influenza A Virus, Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med,
doi:10.1155/2012/946867Taufik, Natzir, Patellongi, Santoso, Hatta et al., In vivo and in vitro inhibition effect of propolis on Klebsiella pneumoniae: A review, Ann. Med. Surg,
doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104388Urushisaki, Takemura, Tazawa, Fukuoka, Hosokawa-Muto et al., Caffeoylquinic acids are major constituents with potent anti-influenza effects in brazilian green propolis water extract, Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med,
doi:10.1155/2011/254914Who, Influenza, None
Wieczorek, Hudz, Yezerska, Horcinová-Sedlácková, Shanaida et al., Chemical Variability and Pharmacological Potential of Propolis as a Source for the Development of New Pharmaceutical Products, Molecules,
doi:10.3390/molecules27051600Yeh, Wang, Chiang, Shieh, Yen et al., Water extract of licorice had anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines, J. Ethnopharmacol
Yosri, Abd El-Wahed, Ghonaim, Khattab, Sabry et al., Anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties of propolis: Chemical diversity, pharmacological properties, preclinical and clinical applications, and in silico potential against SARS-CoV-2, Foods,
doi:10.3390/foods10081776Yuksel, Akyol, The consumption of propolis and royal jelly in preventing upper respiratory tract infections and as dietary supplementation in children, J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol,
doi:10.5455/jice.20160331064836Yusuf, Zhang, Li, Muhammad, Abubakar, Herbal medications and natural products for patients with covid-19 and diabetes mellitus: Potentials and challenges, Phytomed Plus,
doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100280Zhou, Yin, Shan, Wang, Cai et al., Study on the rationality for antiviral activity of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae-Fructus Forsythiae herb couple preparations improved by chito-oligosaccharide via integral pharmacokinetics, Molecules,
doi:10.3390/molecules22040654Zorlu, COVID-19 and anatolian propolis: A case report, Acta Med. Mediterr
Zulhendri, Chandrasekaran, Kowacz, Ravalia, Kripal et al., antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties of propolis: A review, Foods,
doi:10.3390/foods10061360Zulhendri, Perera, Tandean, Abdulah, Herman et al., The Potential use of propolis as a primary or an adjunctive therapy in respiratory tract-related diseases and disorders: A systematic scoping review, Biomed. Pharmacother,
doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112595{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 1, 25]], 'date-time': '2024-01-25T17:47:07Z', 'timestamp': 1706204827927},
'reference-count': 74,
'publisher': 'MDPI AG',
'issue': '1',
'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 1, 1]],
'date-time': '2023-01-01T00:00:00Z',
'timestamp': 1672531200000},
'content-version': 'vor',
'delay-in-days': 0,
'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}],
'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False},
'abstract': '<jats:p>Propolis remains an interesting source of natural chemical compounds that show, among '
'others, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. '
'Due to the growing incidence of respiratory tract infections caused by various pathogenic '
'viruses, complementary methods of prevention and therapy supporting pharmacotherapy are '
'constantly being sought out. The properties of propolis may be important in the prevention '
'and treatment of respiratory tract diseases caused by viruses such as severe acute '
'respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, influenza viruses, the parainfluenza virus and '
'rhinoviruses. One of the main challenges in recent years has been severe acute respiratory '
'syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19. Recently, an increasing number of '
'studies are focusing on the activity of various propolis preparations against SARS-CoV-2 as '
'an adjuvant treatment for this infection. Propolis has shown a few key mechanisms of '
'anti-SARS-CoV-2 action such as: the inhibition of the interaction of the S1 spike protein and '
'ACE-2 protein; decreasing the replication of viruses by diminishing the synthesis of RNA '
'transcripts in cells; decreasing the particles of coronaviruses. The anti-viral effect is '
'observed not only with extracts but also with the single biologically active compounds found '
'in propolis (e.g., apigenin, caffeic acid, chrysin, kaempferol, quercetin). Moreover, '
'propolis is effective in the treatment of hyperglycemia, which increases the risk of '
'SARS-CoV-2 infections. The aim of the literature review was to summarize recent studies from '
'the PubMed database evaluating the antiviral activity of propolis extracts in terms of '
'prevention and the therapy of respiratory tract diseases (in vitro, in vivo, clinical '
'trials). Based upon this review, it was found that in recent years studies have focused '
'mainly on the assessment of the effectiveness of propolis and its chemical components against '
'COVID-19. Propolis exerts wide-spectrum antimicrobial activities; thus, propolis extracts can '
'be an effective option in the prevention and treatment of co-infections associated with '
'diseases of the respiratory tract.</jats:p>',
'DOI': '10.3390/molecules28010359',
'type': 'journal-article',
'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 1, 2]], 'date-time': '2023-01-02T08:08:59Z', 'timestamp': 1672646939000},
'page': '359',
'source': 'Crossref',
'is-referenced-by-count': 8,
'title': 'The Effects of Propolis on Viral Respiratory Diseases',
'prefix': '10.3390',
'volume': '28',
'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2305-3116',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Marcin',
'family': 'Ożarowski',
'sequence': 'first',
'affiliation': []},
{ 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-9204',
'authenticated-orcid': False,
'given': 'Tomasz M.',
'family': 'Karpiński',
'sequence': 'additional',
'affiliation': []}],
'member': '1968',
'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 1, 1]]},
'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '964149',
'DOI': '10.1155/2013/964149',
'article-title': 'Historical aspects of propolis research in modern times',
'volume': '2013',
'author': 'Kuropatnicki',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_2',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '113159',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jep.2020.113159',
'article-title': 'Historical and modern research on propolis and its application in wound '
'healing and other fields of medicine and contributions by Polish '
'studies',
'volume': '262',
'author': 'Rojczyk',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J. Ethnopharmacol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_3',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '634',
'DOI': '10.24953/turkjped.2020.04.013',
'article-title': 'Bee product efficacy in children with upper respiratory tract '
'infections',
'volume': '62',
'author': 'Silici',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Turk J. Pediatr.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_4',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '897',
'DOI': '10.1002/med.21866',
'article-title': 'The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of propolis: An update '
'and future perspectives for respiratory diseases',
'volume': '42',
'author': 'Magnavacca',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Med. Res. Rev.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_5',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '308',
'DOI': '10.5455/jice.20160331064836',
'article-title': 'The consumption of propolis and royal jelly in preventing upper '
'respiratory tract infections and as dietary supplementation in children',
'volume': '5',
'author': 'Yuksel',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_6',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '112595',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112595',
'article-title': 'The Potential use of propolis as a primary or an adjunctive therapy in '
'respiratory tract-related diseases and disorders: A systematic scoping '
'review',
'volume': '146',
'author': 'Zulhendri',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Biomed. Pharmacother.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_7',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '404',
'DOI': '10.1513/AnnalsATS.201311-405PS',
'article-title': 'The global burden of respiratory disease',
'volume': '11',
'author': 'Ferkol',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_8',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '293',
'DOI': '10.2147/CEOR.S338225',
'article-title': 'Economic burden of COVID-19: A Systematic Review',
'volume': '14',
'author': 'Richards',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'ClinicoEcon. Outcomes Res.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_9',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '281',
'DOI': '10.1093/jpp/rgaa067',
'article-title': 'Propolis antiviral and immunomodulatory activity: A review and '
'perspectives for COVID-19 treatment',
'volume': '73',
'author': 'Ripari',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'J. Pharm. Pharmacol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_10',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Salatino, A. (2022). Perspectives for Uses of Propolis in Therapy '
'against Infectious Diseases. Molecules, 27.',
'DOI': '10.3390/molecules27144594'},
{ 'key': 'ref_11',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '466',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.040',
'article-title': 'Water extract of licorice had anti-viral activity against human '
'respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines',
'volume': '148',
'author': 'Yeh',
'year': '2013',
'journal-title': 'J. Ethnopharmacol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_12',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Zhou, W., Yin, A., Shan, J., Wang, S., Cai, B., and Di, L. (2017). Study '
'on the rationality for antiviral activity of Flos Lonicerae '
'Japonicae-Fructus Forsythiae herb couple preparations improved by '
'chito-oligosaccharide via integral pharmacokinetics. Molecules, 22.',
'DOI': '10.3390/molecules22040654'},
{ 'key': 'ref_13',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e270521193625',
'DOI': '10.2174/1871526521666210527091939',
'article-title': 'A Short Review on Key Role of Plants and their Extracts in Boosting up '
'Immune Response to Combat COVID-19',
'volume': '22',
'author': 'Khan',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Infect. Disord. Drug. Targets'},
{ 'key': 'ref_14',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '3996',
'DOI': '10.2174/1381612827666210705160130',
'article-title': 'Mechanistic aspects of medicinal plants and secondary metabolites '
'against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)',
'volume': '27',
'author': 'Malekmohammad',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Curr. Pharm. Des.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_15',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '2415',
'DOI': '10.2174/1381612828666220722124826',
'article-title': 'An Update on Promising Agents against COVID-19: Secondary metabolites '
'and mechanistic aspects',
'volume': '28',
'author': 'Jamshidnia',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Curr. Pharm. Des.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_16',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '114',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.joim.2022.01.008',
'article-title': 'Potential effects of propolis and honey in COVID-19 prevention and '
'treatment: A systematic review of in silico and clinical studies',
'volume': '20',
'author': 'Dilokthornsakul',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'J. Integr. Med.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_17',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '58628',
'DOI': '10.1007/s11356-022-21652-6',
'article-title': 'Propolis efficacy on SARS-COV viruses: A review on antimicrobial '
'activities and molecular simulations',
'volume': '29',
'author': 'Ghosh',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_18',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.1177/2515690X211053641',
'article-title': 'COVID-19: General strategies for herbal therapies',
'volume': '27',
'author': 'Soleymani',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'J. Evid. Based Integr. Med.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_19',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '799546',
'DOI': '10.3389/fmicb.2022.799546',
'article-title': 'In vitro evaluation of antiviral efficacy of a standardized '
'hydroalcoholic extract of poplar type propolis against SARS-CoV-2',
'volume': '13',
'author': 'Sberna',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Front Microbiol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_20',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Bijelic, K., Hitl, M., and Kladar, N. (2022). Phytochemicals in the '
'Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2—Clinical Evidence. Antibiotics, '
'11.',
'DOI': '10.3390/antibiotics11111614'},
{ 'key': 'ref_21',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e2357',
'DOI': '10.6061/clinics/2021/e2357',
'article-title': 'Antiviral activity of Brazilian green propolis extract against '
'SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection: '
'Case report and review',
'volume': '76',
'author': 'Fiorini',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Clinics'},
{ 'key': 'ref_22',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '530',
'DOI': '10.3906/biy-2104-5',
'article-title': 'Targeting CoV-2 spike RBD and ACE-2 interaction with flavonoids of '
'Anatolian propolis by in silico and in vitro studies in terms of '
'possible COVID-19 therapeutics',
'volume': '45',
'author': 'Can',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Turk J. Biol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_23',
'first-page': '100969',
'article-title': 'In silico investigation of potential inhibitors to main protease and '
'spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in propolis',
'volume': '26',
'author': 'Harisna',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Biochem. Biophys. Rep.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_24',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '743',
'DOI': '10.1002/ptr.6872',
'article-title': 'Bee products as a source of promising therapeutic and chemoprophylaxis '
'strategies against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)',
'volume': '35',
'author': 'Lima',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Phyther. Res.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_25',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '120028',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120028',
'article-title': 'Optimization and evaluation of propolis liposomes as a promising '
'therapeutic approach for COVID-19',
'volume': '592',
'author': 'Refaat',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Int. J. Pharm.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_26',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '110622',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110622',
'article-title': 'Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and '
'COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection '
'and COVID-19',
'volume': '131',
'author': 'Berretta',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Biomed. Pharmacother.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_27',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': 'e13780',
'DOI': '10.1111/dth.13780',
'article-title': 'Back to the basics: Propolis and COVID-19',
'volume': '33',
'author': 'Bachevski',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Dermatol. Ther.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_28',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '100039',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100039',
'article-title': 'PAK1-blockers: Potential Therapeutics against COVID-19',
'volume': '6',
'author': 'Maruta',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Med. Drug Discov.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_29',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Zulhendri, F., Chandrasekaran, K., Kowacz, M., Ravalia, M., Kripal, K., '
'Fearnley, J., and Perera, C.O. (2021). Antiviral, antibacterial, '
'antifungal, and antiparasitic properties of propolis: A review. Foods, '
'10.',
'DOI': '10.3390/foods10061360'},
{ 'key': 'ref_30',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Wieczorek, P.P., Hudz, N., Yezerska, O., Horcinová-Sedlácková, V., '
'Shanaida, M., Korytniuk, O., and Jasicka-Misiak, I. (2022). Chemical '
'Variability and Pharmacological Potential of Propolis as a Source for '
'the Development of New Pharmaceutical Products. Molecules, 27.',
'DOI': '10.3390/molecules27051600'},
{ 'key': 'ref_31',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Ozarowski, M., Karpinski, T.M., Alam, R., and Łochynska, M. (2022). '
'Antifungal Properties of Chemically Defined Propolis from Various '
'Geographical Regions. Microorganisms, 10.',
'DOI': '10.3390/microorganisms10020364'},
{ 'key': 'ref_32',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Przybyłek, I., and Karpiński, T.M. (2019). Antibacterial Properties of '
'Propolis. Molecules, 24.',
'DOI': '10.3390/molecules24112047'},
{ 'key': 'ref_33',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Yosri, N., Abd El-Wahed, A.A., Ghonaim, R., Khattab, O.M., Sabry, A., '
'Ibrahim, M.A.A., Moustafa, M.F., Guo, Z., Zou, X., and Algethami, A.F.M. '
'(2021). Anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties of propolis: Chemical '
'diversity, pharmacological properties, preclinical and clinical '
'applications, and in silico potential against SARS-CoV-2. Foods, 10.',
'DOI': '10.3390/foods10081776'},
{ 'key': 'ref_34',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '81',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.014',
'article-title': 'Bee products and the treatment of blister-like lesions around the '
'mouth, skin and genitalia caused by herpes viruses -A systematic review',
'volume': '43',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Complement. Ther. Med.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_35',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '214',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.019',
'article-title': 'In vitro and in vivo anti-influenza virus activities of flavonoids and '
'related compounds as components of Brazilian propolis (AF-08)',
'volume': '8',
'author': 'Kai',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'J. Funct. Foods'},
{ 'key': 'ref_36',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '413',
'DOI': '10.1080/00218839.2019.1695715',
'article-title': 'Antiviral effects and possible mechanisms of action of constituents '
'from Brazilian propolis and related compounds',
'volume': '59',
'author': 'Kwon',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'J. Apic. Res.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_37',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Sokolonski, A.R., Fonseca, M.S., Machado, B.A.S., Deegan, K.R., Araújo, '
'R.P.C., Umsza-Guez, M.A., Meyer, R., and Portela, R.W. (2021). Activity '
'of antifungal drugs and Brazilian red and green propolis extracted with '
'different methodologies against oral isolates of Candida spp.. BMC '
'Complement. Med. Ther., 21.',
'DOI': '10.1186/s12906-021-03445-5'},
{ 'key': 'ref_38',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Stähli, A., Schröter, H., Bullitta, S., Serralutzu, F., Dore, A., '
'Nietzsche, S., Milia, E., Sculean, A., and Eick, S. (2021). In vitro '
'activity of propolis on oral microorganisms and biofilms. Antibiotics, '
'10.',
'DOI': '10.3390/antibiotics10091045'},
{ 'key': 'ref_39',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1887',
'DOI': '10.1007/s11101-022-09816-1',
'article-title': 'Propolis: Chemical diversity and challenges in quality control',
'volume': '21',
'author': 'Kasote',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Phytochem. Rev.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_40',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Zullkiflee, N., Taha, H., and Usman, A. (2022). Propolis: Its Role and '
'Efficacy in Human Health and Diseases. Molecules, 27.',
'DOI': '10.3390/molecules27186120'},
{ 'key': 'ref_41',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Silva-Beltrán, N.P., Galvéz-Ruíz, J.C., Ikner, L.A., Umsza-Guez, M.A., '
'de Paula Castro, T.L., and Gerba, C.P. (2022). In vitro antiviral effect '
'of Mexican and Brazilian propolis and phenolic compounds against human '
'coronavirus 229E. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 1–13.',
'DOI': '10.1080/09603123.2022.2110576'},
{ 'key': 'ref_42',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Ali, A.M., and Kunugi, H. (2021). Propolis, bee honey, and their '
'components protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review '
'of in silico, in vitro, and clinical studies. Molecules, 26.',
'DOI': '10.3390/molecules26051232'},
{ 'key': 'ref_43',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '177',
'DOI': '10.1055/s-0033-1360277',
'article-title': 'Kaempferol derivatives as antiviral drugs against the 3a channel '
'protein of coronavirus',
'volume': '80',
'author': 'Schwarz',
'year': '2014',
'journal-title': 'Planta Med.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_44',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '108',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.048',
'article-title': 'Toona sinensis Roem tender leaf extract inhibits SARS coronavirus '
'replication',
'volume': '120',
'author': 'Chen',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'J. Ethnopharmacol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_45',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '11334',
'DOI': '10.1128/JVI.78.20.11334-11339.2004',
'article-title': 'Small molecules blocking the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome '
'coronavirus into host cells',
'volume': '78',
'author': 'Yi',
'year': '2004',
'journal-title': 'J. Virol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_46',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Wang, J., Ting, Z., Jiang, D., Sheng, C., Fan, Y., and Qi, J. (2014). '
'Anti-enterovirus 71 effects of chrysin and its phosphate ester. PLoS '
'ONE, 9.',
'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0089668'},
{ 'key': 'ref_47',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '17699',
'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-020-74715-4',
'article-title': 'Molecular docking study of potential phytochemicals and their efects on '
'the complex of SARS-CoV2 spike protein and human ACE2',
'volume': '10',
'author': 'Basu',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Sci. Rep.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_48',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '111526',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111526',
'article-title': 'Efficacy of Brazilian green propolis (EPP-AF®) as an adjunct treatment '
'for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized, controlled clinical '
'trial',
'volume': '138',
'author': 'Silveira',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Biomed Pharmacother.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_49',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '996',
'DOI': '10.1186/s13063-020-04934-7',
'article-title': 'The effect of propolis supplementation on clinical symptoms in patients '
'with coronavirus (COVID-19): A structured summary of a study protocol '
'for a randomised controlled trial',
'volume': '21',
'author': 'Miryan',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Trials'},
{ 'key': 'ref_50',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '4000',
'DOI': '10.1002/ptr.7116',
'article-title': 'The effect of propolis plus Hyoscyamus niger L. methanolic extract on '
'clinical symptoms in patients with acute respiratory syndrome suspected '
'to COVID-19: A clinical trial',
'volume': '35',
'author': 'Kosari',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Phytother Res.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_51',
'unstructured': '(2022, September 01). Investigation of Clinical Effectiveness of '
'Propolis Extracts as Food Supplements in Patients with '
'SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19). Identifier: NCT04916821, Available online: '
'https://beta.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04916821?distance=50&cond=SARS-CoV-2&term=propolis&rank=1.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_52',
'first-page': '1229',
'article-title': 'COVID-19 and anatolian propolis: A case report',
'volume': '37',
'author': 'Zorlu',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Acta Med. Mediterr.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_53',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '100280',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100280',
'article-title': 'Herbal medications and natural products for patients with covid-19 and '
'diabetes mellitus: Potentials and challenges',
'volume': '2',
'author': 'Yusuf',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Phytomed Plus'},
{ 'key': 'ref_54',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Balica, G., Vostinaru, O., Stefanescu, C., Mogosan, C., Iaru, I., '
'Cristina, A., and Pop, C.E. (2021). Potential Role of Propolis in the '
'Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Plants, 10.',
'DOI': '10.3390/plants10050883'},
{ 'key': 'ref_55',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '93',
'DOI': '10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00117.x',
'article-title': 'A clinical pharmacological study of the potential beneficial effects of '
'a propolis food product as an adjuvant in asthmatic patients',
'volume': '17',
'author': 'Khayyal',
'year': '2003',
'journal-title': 'Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_56',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'unstructured': 'Silva, H., Francisco, R., Saraiva, A., Francisco, S., Carrascosa, C., '
'and Raposo, A. (2021). The cardiovascular therapeutic potential of '
'propolis—A comprehensive review. Biology, 10.',
'DOI': '10.3390/biology10010027'},
{ 'key': 'ref_57',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '682571',
'DOI': '10.3389/fmicb.2021.682571',
'article-title': 'Causes and consequences of COVID-19-associated bacterial infections',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Farrell',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Front. Microbiol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_58',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '784130',
'DOI': '10.3389/fcimb.2022.784130',
'article-title': 'Secondary bacterial infection and clinical characteristics in patients '
'with COVID-19 admitted to two intensive care units of an academic '
'hospital in Iran during the first wave of the pandemic',
'volume': '12',
'author': 'Pourajam',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_59',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '104941',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104941',
'article-title': 'Microbial co-infections in COVID-19: Associated microbiota and '
'underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis',
'volume': '156',
'author': 'Hoque',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Microb. Pathog.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_60',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '104388',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104388',
'article-title': 'In vivo and in vitro inhibition effect of propolis on Klebsiella '
'pneumoniae: A review',
'volume': '81',
'author': 'Taufik',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Ann. Med. Surg.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_61',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '3079',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.016',
'article-title': 'Propolis as a novel antibacterial agent',
'volume': '27',
'author': 'Almuhayawi',
'year': '2020',
'journal-title': 'Saudi J. Biol. Sci.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_62',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '693',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00982-5',
'article-title': 'Influenza',
'volume': '400',
'author': 'Uyeki',
'year': '2022',
'journal-title': 'Lancet'},
{ 'key': 'ref_63',
'unstructured': 'WHO (2022, October 14). Influenza (Seasonal). Available online: '
'https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal).'},
{ 'key': 'ref_64',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1',
'DOI': '10.3390/biomedicines7040073',
'article-title': 'Beyond the biological effect of a chemically characterized poplar '
'propolis: Antibacterial and antiviral activity and comparison with '
'flurbiprofen in cytokines release by LPS stimulated human mononuclear '
'cells',
'volume': '7',
'author': 'Governa',
'year': '2019',
'journal-title': 'Biomedicines'},
{ 'key': 'ref_65',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '946867',
'DOI': '10.1155/2012/946867',
'article-title': '3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, a major constituent of Brazilian propolis, '
'increases TRAIL expression and extends the lifetimes of mice infected '
'with the Influenza A Virus',
'volume': '2012',
'author': 'Takemura',
'year': '2012',
'journal-title': 'Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_66',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '254914',
'DOI': '10.1155/2011/254914',
'article-title': 'Caffeoylquinic acids are major constituents with potent anti-influenza '
'effects in brazilian green propolis water extract',
'volume': '2011',
'author': 'Urushisaki',
'year': '2011',
'journal-title': 'Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_67',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '235',
'DOI': '10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00131-7',
'article-title': 'Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of '
'different geographic origin',
'volume': '64',
'author': 'Kujumgiev',
'year': '1999',
'journal-title': 'J. Ethnopharmacol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_68',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '7',
'DOI': '10.1177/095632020801900102',
'article-title': 'Anti-influenza virus activity of propolis in vitro and its efficacy '
'against influenza infection in mice',
'volume': '19',
'author': 'Shimizu',
'year': '2008',
'journal-title': 'Antivir. Chem. Chemother.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_69',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '294',
'DOI': '10.1021/np50081a003',
'article-title': 'Anti-influenza virus effect of some propolis constituents and their '
'analogues (esters of substituted cinnamic acids)',
'volume': '55',
'author': 'Serkedjieva',
'year': '1992',
'journal-title': 'J. Nat. Prod.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_70',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '1914',
'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03421.x',
'article-title': 'In vitro antimicrobial activity of a novel propolis formulation '
'(Actichelated propolis)',
'volume': '103',
'author': 'Drago',
'year': '2007',
'journal-title': 'J. Appl. Microbiol.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_71',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '100986',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100986',
'article-title': 'Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and '
'territories, from 1990 to 2019',
'volume': '37',
'author': 'Jin',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'EClinicalMedicie'},
{ 'key': 'ref_72',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '153368',
'DOI': '10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153368',
'article-title': 'A standardized polyphenol mixture extracted from poplar-type propolis '
'for remission of symptoms of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract '
'infection (URTI): A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, '
'placebo-controlled clinical trial',
'volume': '80',
'author': 'Esposito',
'year': '2021',
'journal-title': 'Phytomedicine'},
{ 'key': 'ref_73',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '409',
'DOI': '10.2147/IJGM.S118967',
'article-title': 'Role of a proprietary propolis-based product on the wait-and-see '
'approach in acute otitis media and in preventing evolution to '
'tracheitis, bronchitis, or rhinosinusitis from nonstreptococcal '
'pharyngitis',
'volume': '9',
'author': 'Zanvit',
'year': '2016',
'journal-title': 'Int. J. Gen. Med.'},
{ 'key': 'ref_74',
'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
'first-page': '217',
'DOI': '10.1001/archpedi.158.3.217',
'article-title': 'Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, '
'and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: A '
'randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study',
'volume': '158',
'author': 'Cohen',
'year': '2004',
'journal-title': 'Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.'}],
'container-title': 'Molecules',
'original-title': [],
'language': 'en',
'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/1/359/pdf',
'content-type': 'unspecified',
'content-version': 'vor',
'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 1, 2]],
'date-time': '2023-01-02T08:14:11Z',
'timestamp': 1672647251000},
'score': 1,
'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/1/359'}},
'subtitle': [],
'short-title': [],
'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 1, 1]]},
'references-count': 74,
'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 1]]}},
'alternative-id': ['molecules28010359'],
'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010359',
'relation': {},
'ISSN': ['1420-3049'],
'subject': [ 'Chemistry (miscellaneous)', 'Analytical Chemistry', 'Organic Chemistry',
'Physical and Theoretical Chemistry', 'Molecular Medicine', 'Drug Discovery',
'Pharmaceutical Science'],
'container-title-short': 'Molecules',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 1, 1]]}}
