October 2026
Sargramostim COVID-19 outcomes
StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk
Bosteels (RCT)−2%1.02 · 0.15–6.93death2/402/41SARPAC
Bosteels (RCT)−20%1.20 · 0.44–3.25ventilation7/406/41SARPAC
Bosteels (RCT)−10%1.10 · 0.60–2.01misc.40 (n)41 (n)SARPAC
Bosteels (RCT)33%0.67 · 0.05–8.60misc.40 (n)41 (n)SARPAC
Bosteels (RCT)20%0.80 · 0.23–2.81misc.40 (n)41 (n)SARPAC
Bosteels (RCT)43%0.57 · 0.28–1.18oxygen40 (n)41 (n)SARPAC
Paine (RCT)23%0.77 · 0.31–1.92death78 (n)44 (n)iLeukPulm
Paine (RCT)15%0.85 · 0.30–2.39death78 (n)44 (n)iLeukPulm
Paine (RCT)27%0.73 · 0.29–1.81ventilation9/787/44iLeukPulm
Paine (RCT)56%0.44 · 0.21–0.90oxygen10/6312/33iLeukPulm
Paine (RCT)−3%1.03 · 0.79–1.33hosp. time78 (n)44 (n)iLeukPulm
Shimasaki (DB RCT)−305%4.05 · 0.20–80.91ventilation2/440/23
Shimasaki (DB RCT)−57%1.57 · 0.17–14.24no disch.3/441/23
Shimasaki (DB RCT)−12%1.12 · 0.98–1.29no improv.47 (n)23 (n)
Joshi (DB RCT)−30%1.30 · 0.69–2.45progression21/30116/299
Joshi (DB RCT)27%0.73 · 0.58–0.91viral load50 (n)51 (n)
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