Antidepressant drug prescription and incidence of COVID-19 in mental health outpatients: a retrospective cohort study

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 6, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-06-21T04:26:23Z', 'timestamp': 1687321583485}, 'reference-count': 41, 'publisher': 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 'issue': '1', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 6, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-06-21T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1687305600000}, 'content-version': 'tdm', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}, { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 6, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-06-21T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1687305600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0'}], 'funder': [ { 'DOI': '10.13039/501100001809', 'name': 'National Natural Science Foundation of China', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['link.springer.com'], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Currently, the main pharmaceutical intervention for COVID-19 is ' 'vaccination. While antidepressant (AD) drugs have shown some efficacy in treatment of ' 'symptomatic COVID-19, their preventative potential remains largely unexplored. Analysis of ' 'association between prescription of ADs and COVID-19 incidence in the population would be ' 'beneficial for assessing the utility of ADs in COVID-19 prevention.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>Retrospective study of association between AD prescription and ' 'COVID-19 diagnosis was performed in a cohort of community-dwelling adult mental health ' 'outpatients during the 1st wave of COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Clinical record interactive ' 'search (CRIS) was performed for mentions of ADs within 3\xa0months preceding admission to ' 'inpatient care of the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS Foundation Trust. Incidence of ' 'positive COVID-19 tests upon admission and during inpatient treatment was the primary outcome ' 'measure.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>AD mention was associated with approximately 40% lower incidence of ' 'positive COVID-19 test results when adjusted for socioeconomic parameters and physical ' 'health. This association was also observed for prescription of ADs of the selective serotonin ' 'reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec><jats:sec>\n' ' <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n' ' <jats:p>This preliminary study suggests that ADs, and SSRIs in particular, ' 'may be of benefit for preventing COVID-19 infection spread in the community. The key ' 'limitations of the study are its retrospective nature and the focus on a mental health ' 'patient cohort. A more definitive assessment of AD and SSRI preventative potential warrants ' 'prospective studies in the wider demographic.\n' '</jats:p>\n' ' </jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.1186/s12916-023-02877-9', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 6, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-06-21T00:02:16Z', 'timestamp': 1687305736000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Antidepressant drug prescription and incidence of COVID-19 in mental health outpatients: a ' 'retrospective cohort study', 'prefix': '10.1186', 'volume': '21', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-5470', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Oleg O.', 'family': 'Glebov', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9816-1686', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Christoph', 'family': 'Mueller', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4435-6397', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Robert', 'family': 'Stewart', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-216X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Dag', 'family': 'Aarsland', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3414-303X', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Gayan', 'family': 'Perera', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '297', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 6, 21]]}, 'reference': [ { 'issue': '12', 'key': '2877_CR1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1303', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41562-020-01009-0', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'N Haug', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Haug N, Geyrhofer L, Londei A, Dervic E, Desvars-Larrive A, Loreto V, et ' 'al. Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government ' 'interventions. Nat Hum Behav. 2020;4(12):1303–12.', 'journal-title': 'Nat Hum Behav'}, { 'issue': '16', 'key': '2877_CR2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '4220', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.020', 'volume': '184', 'author': 'C Liu', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Liu C, Ginn HM, Dejnirattisai W, Supasa P, Wang B, Tuekprakhon A, et al. ' 'Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 by vaccine and convalescent ' 'serum. Cell. 2021;184(16):4220-4236.e13.', 'journal-title': 'Cell.'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2877_CR3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e326', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00593-3', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'EPK Parker', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Parker EPK, Desai S, Marti M, Nohynek H, Kaslow DC, Kochhar S, et al. ' 'Response to additional COVID-19 vaccine doses in people who are ' 'immunocompromised: a rapid review. Lancet Glob Health. ' '2022;10(3):e326–8.', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Glob Health'}, { 'key': '2877_CR4', 'unstructured': 'Global Dashboard for Vaccine Equity [Internet]. UNDP Data Futures ' 'Platform. [Cited 5 Apr 2023]. Available from: ' 'https://data.undp.org/vaccine-equity/.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2877_CR5', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e63', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00270-8', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'P Venkatesan', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Venkatesan P. Repurposing drugs for treatment of COVID-19. Lancet Respir ' 'Med. 2021;9(7):e63.', 'journal-title': 'Lancet Respir Med'}, { 'issue': '17', 'key': '2877_CR6', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3664', 'DOI': '10.1111/febs.15369', 'volume': '287', 'author': 'OO Glebov', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Glebov OO. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis for COVID-19 drug ' 'repurposing. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3664–71.', 'journal-title': 'FEBS J'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '2877_CR7', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '379', 'DOI': '10.1038/d41587-020-00003-1', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'C Harrison', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Harrison C. Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track. Nat ' 'Biotechnol. 2020;38(4):379–81.', 'journal-title': 'Nat Biotechnol'}, { 'key': '2877_CR8', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Zhou Y, Wang F, Tang J, Nussinov R, Cheng F. Artificial intelligence in ' 'COVID-19 drug repurposing. Lancet Digit Health. 2020;0(0). ' 'https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500.', 'DOI': '10.1016/S2589-7500'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '2877_CR9', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '517', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2016638', 'volume': '383', 'author': 'DR Boulware', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, Pastick KA, Lofgren SM, Okafor ' 'EC, et al. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure ' 'prophylaxis for COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(6):517–25.', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'key': '2877_CR10', 'unstructured': 'Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19. [Cited 28 Jul 2022]. ' 'Available from: ' 'https://www.cochrane.org/CD015017/INFECTN_ivermectin-preventing-and-treating-covid-19.'}, { 'key': '2877_CR11', 'first-page': '1', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'N Hoertel', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Hoertel N, Sánchez-Rico M, Vernet R, Beeker N, Jannot AS, Neuraz A, et ' 'al. Association between antidepressant use and reduced risk of ' 'intubation or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: results from ' 'an observational study. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;4:1–14.', 'journal-title': 'Mol Psychiatry'}, { 'issue': '19', 'key': '2877_CR12', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '5882', 'DOI': '10.3390/jcm11195882', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'N Hoertel', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Hoertel N, Sánchez-Rico M, Kornhuber J, Gulbins E, Reiersen AM, Lenze ' 'EJ, et al. Antidepressant use and its association with 28-day mortality ' 'in inpatients with SARS-CoV-2: support for the FIASMA model against ' 'COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19):5882.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Med'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2877_CR13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41398-022-02109-3', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'BA Fritz', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Fritz BA, Hoerte N, Lenze EJ, FJalali, Reiersen AM. Association between ' 'antidepressant use and ED or hospital visits in outpatients with ' 'SARS-CoV-2. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):1–9.', 'journal-title': 'Transl Psychiatry'}, { 'key': '2877_CR14', 'unstructured': 'Lenze E. Fluvoxamine for early treatment of COVID-19: a fully-remote, ' 'randomized placebo controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov; 2021 May [Cited ' '7 Jun 2021]. Report No.: NCT04668950. Available from: ' 'https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04668950.'}, { 'issue': '22', 'key': '2877_CR15', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2292', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2020.22760', 'volume': '324', 'author': 'EJ Lenze', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Lenze EJ, Mattar C, Zorumski CF, Stevens A, Schweiger J, Nicol GE, et ' 'al. Fluvoxamine vs placebo and clinical deterioration in outpatients ' 'with symptomatic COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. ' '2020;324(22):2292.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': '2877_CR16', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Seftel D, Boulware DR. Prospective cohort of fluvoxamine for early ' 'treatment of coronavirus disease 19. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 [cited ' '2021 Jun 9];8(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab050.', 'DOI': '10.1093/ofid/ofab050'}, { 'key': '2877_CR17', 'unstructured': 'Reis G, Moreira-Silva EA dos S, Silva DCM, Thabane L, Milagres AC, ' 'Ferreira TS, et al. Effect of early treatment with fluvoxamine on risk ' 'of emergency care and hospitalisation among patients with COVID-19: the ' 'TOGETHER randomised, platform clinical trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 ' '[cited 2021 Nov 8];0(0). Available from: ' 'https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00448-4/fulltext.'}, { 'issue': '11', 'key': '2877_CR18', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e2133090', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.33090', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'T Oskotsky', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Oskotsky T, Marić I, Tang A, Oskotsky B, Wong RJ, Aghaeepour N, et al. ' 'Mortality risk among patients with COVID-19 prescribed selective ' 'serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. JAMA Netw Open. ' '2021;4(11):e2133090.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw Open'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '2877_CR19', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '599', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2201662', 'volume': '387', 'author': 'CT Bramante', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Bramante CT, Huling JD, Tignanelli CJ, Buse JB, Liebovitz DM, Nicklas ' 'JM, et al. Randomized trial of metformin, ivermectin, and fluvoxamine ' 'for COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(7):599–610.', 'journal-title': 'N Engl J Med'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '2877_CR20', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '296', 'DOI': '10.1001/jama.2022.24100', 'volume': '329', 'author': 'MW McCarthy', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'McCarthy MW, Naggie S, Boulware DR, Lindsell CJ, Stewart TG, Felker GM, ' 'et al. Effect of fluvoxamine vs placebo on time to sustained recovery in ' 'outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. ' 'JAMA. 2023;329(4):296–305.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA'}, { 'key': '2877_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Fred SM, Kuivanen S, Ugurlu H, Casarotto PC, Levanov L, Saksela K, et ' 'al. Antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs reduce viral infection by ' 'SARS-CoV-2 and fluoxetine shows antiviral activity against the novel ' 'variants in vitro. Front Pharmacol. 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 16];12. ' 'Available from: ' 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.755600.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2021.755600'}, { 'key': '2877_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3466', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2021.787261', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'OO Glebov', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Glebov OO. Low-dose fluvoxamine modulates endocytic trafficking of ' 'SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: a potential mechanism for anti-COVID-19 ' 'protection by antidepressants. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:3466.', 'journal-title': 'Front Pharmacol'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '2877_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '5890', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41598-021-85049-0', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'M Zimniak', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Zimniak M, Kirschner L, Hilpert H, Geiger N, Danov O, Oberwinkler H, et ' 'al. The serotonin reuptake inhibitor Fluoxetine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in ' 'human lung tissue. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5890.', 'journal-title': 'Sci Rep'}, { 'issue': '8', 'key': '2877_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '100142', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100142', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'A Carpinteiro', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Carpinteiro A, Edwards MJ, Hoffmann M, Kochs G, Gripp B, Weigang S, et ' 'al. Pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase prevents uptake ' 'of SARS-CoV-2 by epithelial cells. Cell Rep Med. 2020;1(8):100142.', 'journal-title': 'Cell Rep Med'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2877_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e008721', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008721', 'volume': '6', 'author': 'G Perera', 'year': '2016', 'unstructured': 'Perera G, Broadbent M, Callard F, Chang CK, Downs J, Dutta R, et al. ' 'Cohort profile of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust ' 'Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM BRC) Case Register: current status and ' 'recent enhancement of an Electronic Mental Health Record-derived data ' 'resource. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):e008721.', 'journal-title': 'BMJ Open'}, { 'key': '2877_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Davis KAS, Broadbent M, Bishara D, Mueller C, Stewart R. Can medication ' 'mentions in CRIS be used for researching medication use in older people ' 'with dementia? Comparing the natural language processing app for ' 'medicines to GP prescribing. medRxiv; 2023 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. p. ' '2023.01.27.23285104. Available from: ' 'https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.27.23285104v1.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2023.01.27.23285104'}, { 'key': '2877_CR27', 'unstructured': 'ICD-10 Version:2019. [cited 2022 Aug 15]. Available from: ' 'https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/.'}, { 'key': '2877_CR28', 'unstructured': 'HoNOS. Healthy London Partnership. [cited 2022 Aug 11]. Available from: ' 'https://www.healthylondon.org/resource/outcome-measures/honos/.'}, { 'key': '2877_CR29', 'unstructured': 'Stata | FAQ: Citing Stata software, documentation, and FAQs. [cited 2022 ' 'Aug 15]. Available from: ' 'https://www.stata.com/support/faqs/resources/citing-software-documentation-faqs/.'}, { 'issue': '13', 'key': '2877_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2255', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijerph16132255', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'BX Tran', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Tran BX, Ha GH, Vu GT, Nguyen LH, Latkin CA, Nathan K, et al. Indices of ' 'change, expectations, and popularity of biological treatments for major ' 'depressive disorder between 1988 and 2017: a scientometric analysis. Int ' 'J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(13):2255.', 'journal-title': 'Int J Environ Res Public Health'}, { 'key': '2877_CR31', 'unstructured': 'Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Herd immunity, lockdowns and COVID-19. ' '[cited 2022 Aug 12]. Available from: ' 'https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19.'}, { 'key': '2877_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '67', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.11.009', 'volume': '66', 'author': 'Y Ma', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Ma Y, Li S, Yang H, Zhang Y, Li H, Xu F, et al. Effect of psychotropics ' 'on the risk of COVID-19 in middle-aged and older adults. Eur ' 'Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;66:67–77.', 'journal-title': 'Eur Neuropsychopharmacol'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '2877_CR33', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e2210743', 'DOI': '10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.10743', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'K Nemani', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Nemani K, Williams SZ, Olfson M, Leckman-Westin E, Finnerty M, Kammer J, ' 'et al. Association between the use of psychotropic medications and the ' 'risk of COVID-19 infection among long-term inpatients with serious ' 'mental illness in a New York state–wide psychiatric hospital system. ' 'JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2210743.', 'journal-title': 'JAMA Netw Open'}, { 'issue': '9', 'key': '2877_CR34', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1825', 'DOI': '10.1185/030079906X132415', 'volume': '22', 'author': 'M Machado', 'year': '2006', 'unstructured': 'Machado M, Iskedjian M, Ruiz I, Einarson TR. Remission, dropouts, and ' 'adverse drug reaction rates in major depressive disorder: a ' 'meta-analysis of head-to-head trials. Curr Med Res Opin. ' '2006;22(9):1825–37.', 'journal-title': 'Curr Med Res Opin'}, { 'issue': '6554', 'key': '2877_CR35', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '541', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.abi4708', 'volume': '373', 'author': 'TA Tummino', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Tummino TA, Rezelj VV, Fischer B, Fischer A, O’Meara MJ, Monel B, et al. ' 'Drug-induced phospholipidosis confounds drug repurposing for SARS-CoV-2. ' 'Science. 2021;373(6554):541–7.', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'key': '2877_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Sukhatme VP, Reiersen AM, Vayttaden SJ, Sukhatme VV. Fluvoxamine: a ' 'review of its mechanism of action and its role in COVID-19. Front ' 'Pharmacol. 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 16];12. Available from: ' 'https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.652688.', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphar.2021.652688'}, { 'issue': '10', 'key': '2877_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': 'e0186700', 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pone.0186700', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Y Lu', 'year': '2017', 'unstructured': 'Lu Y, Ho CS, Liu X, Chua AN, Wang W, McIntyre RS, et al. Chronic ' 'administration of fluoxetine and pro-inflammatory cytokine change in a ' 'rat model of depression. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0186700.', 'journal-title': 'PLoS One'}, { 'key': '2877_CR38', 'first-page': '1', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'K Hashimoto', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Hashimoto K. Repurposing of CNS drugs to treat COVID-19 infection: ' 'targeting the sigma-1 receptor. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. ' '2021;5:1–10.', 'journal-title': 'Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci'}, { 'issue': '3', 'key': '2877_CR39', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '342', 'DOI': '10.1085/jgp.201812263', 'volume': '151', 'author': 'R Kapoor', 'year': '2019', 'unstructured': 'Kapoor R, Peyear TA, Koeppe RE, Andersen OS. Antidepressants are ' 'modifiers of lipid bilayer properties. J Gen Physiol. ' '2019;151(3):342–56.', 'journal-title': 'J Gen Physiol'}, { 'issue': '5', 'key': '2877_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '505', 'DOI': '10.1017/S1041610220004135', 'volume': '33', 'author': 'B Creese', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Creese B, Khan Z, Henley W, O’Dwyer S, Corbett A, Silva MVD, et al. ' 'Loneliness, physical activity, and mental health during COVID-19: a ' 'longitudinal analysis of depression and anxiety in adults over the age ' 'of 50 between 2015 and 2020. Int Psychogeriatr. 2021;33(5):505–14.', 'journal-title': 'Int Psychogeriatr'}, { 'key': '2877_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Mason RJ. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective. Eur ' 'Respir J. 2020 [cited 2022 Aug 12];55(4). Available from: ' 'https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/55/4/2000607.', 'DOI': '10.1183/13993003.00607-2020'}], 'container-title': 'BMC Medicine', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12916-023-02877-9.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12916-023-02877-9/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12916-023-02877-9.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 6, 21]], 'date-time': '2023-06-21T00:02:55Z', 'timestamp': 1687305775000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': { 'primary': { 'URL': 'https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02877-9'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2023, 6, 21]]}, 'references-count': 41, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '1', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 12]]}}, 'alternative-id': ['2877'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02877-9', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1741-7015'], 'subject': ['General Medicine'], 'container-title-short': 'BMC Med', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2023, 6, 21]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '7 December 2022', 'order': 1, 'name': 'received', 'label': 'Received', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '20 April 2023', 'order': 2, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '21 June 2023', 'order': 3, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}}, { 'value': 'The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of ' 'Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London (reference ' 'number 21–059 KHP).', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics approval and consent to participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not required.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for publication'}}, { 'value': 'RS declares research support received within the last 36\xa0months from ' 'Janssen, GSK, and Takeda.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Competing interests'}}], 'article-number': '209'}