The role of ivermectin in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
et al., BMC Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1186/s12879-026-13195-9, PROSPERO CRD42024543441, Mar 2026
Ivermectin for COVID-19
4th treatment shown to reduce risk in
August 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 106 studies, recognized in 24 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols
combine treatments.
6,600+ studies for
220+ treatments. c19early.org
|
Meta-analysis with multiple critical uncorrected issues, for example including a study that was retracted for data integrity issues several years earlier1; having many missing studies2-7; using unadjusted results instead of adjusted results8; incorrect numbers for Krolewiecki et al. in Figure 5 - authors claim 6 mechanical ventilation events in the treatment group but there was only 1; incorrect number of patients for Ravikirti et al. (42 should be 57 for placebo); primary endpoints were significantly altered between the PROSPERO registration and final publication without disclosure; incorrect risk of bias analysis, e.g., claiming Reis et al. is low-risk of bias when the study actually has multiple impossible numbers, randomization failure, blinding was broken (even externally), has multiple protocol violations, refuses to release the data despite pledging to, etc.; Figure 4 shows identical data for Hiroshige and Mohan; considering only cases and not symptomatic status, e.g., Seet et al.; Hiroshige and Mikamo in eFigures 4/7 appear to be the same trial with different results; there are multiple typos/incorrect names, e.g. Shoumann, Taweegrit, Reiis, Ananda, Carolyn; the literature search date is a year after the submission date suggesting a later major revision without documentation and with no revised date; the calculation for the kappa statistic notes an observed consistency of Po = 22/25 - suggesting only 25 studies were assessed for inter-rater reliability, but no explanation is provided for why the remaining 15 studies were excluded from this quality control step.
7 meta-analyses show significant improvements with ivermectin for mortality13-18,
hospitalization19,
recovery15, and
cases15.
Currently there are 106 ivermectin for COVID-19 studies, showing 47% lower mortality [34‑58%], 35% lower ventilation [17‑50%], 40% lower ICU admission [12‑58%], 34% lower hospitalization [21‑44%], and 79% fewer cases [69‑86%].
1.
Elshafie et al., RETRACTED: Ivermectin Role in COVID-19 Treatment (IRICT): single center, adaptive, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, clinical trial, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, doi:10.1080/14787210.2022.2098113.
2.
Desort-Henin et al., The SAIVE Trial, Post-Exposure use of ivermectin in Covid-19 prevention: Efficacy and Safety Results, ECCMID 2023 (results released 1/5/2023), www.medincell.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Poster-SAIVE-April2023-OK3.pdf.
3.
Wagstaff et al., A Pilot, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial of a Single Oral Dose of Ivermectin for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2, Pharmaceutics, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17091205.
4.
Mahmud et al., Ivermectin in combination with doxycycline for treating COVID-19 symptoms: a randomized trial, Journal of International Medical Research, doi:10.5061/dryad.qjq2bvqf6.
5.
Hashim et al., Controlled randomized clinical trial on using Ivermectin with doxycycline for treating COVID-19 patients in Baghdad, Iraq, Iraqi Journal of Medical Science, 19:1, www.iraqijms.net/upload/pdf/iraqijms60db8b76d3b1e.pdf.
6.
Ochoa-Jaramillo et al., Clinical efficacy and safety of ivermectin (400 μg/kg, single dose) in patients with severe COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial, Revista Infectio, doi:10.22354/24223794.1105.
7.
Hashmi et al., Ivermectin for patients admitted to an ICU with COVID-19: REMAP-CAP randomized controlled trial, Critical Care Medicine, doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000007134.
8.
Shouman et al., Use of Ivermectin as a Potential Chemoprophylaxis for COVID-19 in Egypt: A Randomised Clinical Trial, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, doi:10.7860/JCDR/2021/46795.14529.
9.
Krolewiecki et al., Antiviral effect of high-dose ivermectin in adults with COVID-19: A proof-of-concept randomized trial, eClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100959.
10.
Ravikirti et al., Ivermectin as a potential treatment for mild to moderate COVID-19: A double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.18433/jpps32105.
11.
Reis et al., Effect of Early Treatment with Ivermectin among Patients with Covid-19, New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2115869.
12.
Seet et al., Positive impact of oral hydroxychloroquine and povidone-iodine throat spray for COVID-19 prophylaxis: an open-label randomized trial, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.035.
13.
Bryant et al., Ivermectin for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis to Inform Clinical Guidelines, American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001402.
14.
Hariyanto et al., Ivermectin and outcomes from Covid-19 pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trial studies, Reviews In Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/rmv.2265.
15.
Kory et al., Review of the Emerging Evidence Demonstrating the Efficacy of Ivermectin in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19, American Journal of Therapeutics, doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001377.
16.
Lawrie et al., Ivermectin reduces the risk of death from COVID-19 – a rapid review and meta-analysis in support of the recommendation of the Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance, Preprint, b3d2650e-e929-4448-a527-4eeb59304c7f.filesusr.com/ugd/593c4f_8cb655bd21b1448ba6cf1f4c59f0d73d.pdf.
17.
Nardelli et al., Crying wolf in time of Corona: the strange case of ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine. Is the fear of failure withholding potential life-saving treatment from clinical use?, Signa Vitae, doi:10.22514/sv.2021.043.
Wang et al., 31 Mar 2026, China, peer-reviewed, 8 authors, trial PROSPERO CRD42024543441.
Contact: gaoshuguang0341@csu.edu.cn.
Abstract: ## The Role of Ivermectin in the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Xuanyu Wang 1,2# , Jiahao Meng 1,3# , Yinghui Li 4 , Yuqing Xiang 1,2 , Yumei Wu 1 , Yilin Xiong 1,3,5 , Pan Liu 1 , Shuguang Gao 1,3,5,6* 1 Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China 2 Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China 3 Key Laboratory of Aging-related Bone and Joint Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. 4 Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China 5 National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. 6 Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. #Contributed equally. * Corresponding Author: Shuguang Gao, MD, Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China ARTIC/E IN PRESS
[(gaoshuguang0341@csu.edu.cn).](mailto:gaoshuguang0341@csu.edu.cn)
Abstract
Background
Ivermectin, as a potential drug for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, remains controversial regarding its efficacy and safety. This study aims to systematically evaluate the therapeutic and preventive effect of ivermectin in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted on October 11, 2025, to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing ivermectin for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome measures were mortality rate and adverse event rate for hospitalized patients and outpatient patients, while secondary outcomes included hospitalization time and recovery time. Given the anticipated clinical and methodological heterogeneity across the included RCTs (e.g., variations in ivermectin dosage, study population characteristics, trial implementation time and SARS-CoV2 variants), a random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis ARTIC/E IN PRESS
to obtain a robust synthesis of heterogeneous study results and reliable estimation of pooled effect sizes.
Results
A total of 40 RCTs involving 23243 participants were included. Among them, 4 studies evaluated the preventive effect of ivermectin on SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the other 36 studies evaluated the therapeutic effect of ivermectin in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. For prevention, there was no statistically significant difference between the ivermectin group and control group in SARSCoV-2 infection rate [risk ratio (RR) 0.37; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.12 to 1.20]. For treatment, all-cause mortality for both hospitalized patients (RR 0.94; 95%CI 0.74 to 1.20) and outpatients (RR 0.88; 95%CI 0.55 to 1.42) showed no statistically significant difference. Adverse events for hospitalized patients (RR 1.02; 95%CI 0.76 to 1.37) and outpatients (RR 0.96; 95%CI 0.82 to 1.13) also showed no statistically significant difference. ARTIC/E IN PRESS
Conclusions
This meta-analysis provides evidence that ivermectin does not statistically significantly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or improve clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Further..
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s12879-026-13195-9",
"ISSN": [
"1471-2334"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-13195-9",
"abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\n <jats:p>Ivermectin, as a potential drug for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, remains controversial regarding its efficacy and safety. This study aims to systematically evaluate the therapeutic and preventive effect of ivermectin in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\n <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted on October 11, 2025, to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing ivermectin for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome measures were mortality rate and adverse event rate for hospitalized patients and outpatient patients, while secondary outcomes included hospitalization time and recovery time. Given the anticipated clinical and methodological heterogeneity across the included RCTs (e.g., variations in ivermectin dosage, study population characteristics, trial implementation time and SARS-CoV-2 variants), a random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis to obtain a robust synthesis of heterogeneous study results and reliable estimation of pooled effect sizes.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\n <jats:p>A total of 40 RCTs involving 23,243 participants were included. Among them, 4 studies evaluated the preventive effect of ivermectin on SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the other 36 studies evaluated the therapeutic effect of ivermectin in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. For prevention, there was no statistically significant difference between the ivermectin group and control group in SARS-CoV-2 infection rate [risk ratio (RR) 0.37; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.12 to 1.20]. For treatment, all-cause mortality for both hospitalized patients (RR 0.94; 95%CI 0.74 to 1.20) and outpatients (RR 0.88; 95%CI 0.55 to 1.42) showed no statistically significant difference. Adverse events for hospitalized patients (RR 1.02; 95%CI 0.76 to 1.37) and outpatients (RR 0.96; 95%CI 0.82 to 1.13) also showed no statistically significant difference.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\n <jats:p>This meta-analysis provides evidence that ivermectin does not statistically significantly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or improve clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Further high-quality trials are needed to clarify the potential benefits of ivermectin.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>\n <jats:sec>\n <jats:title>Clinical trial number</jats:title>\n <jats:p>Not applicable.</jats:p>\n </jats:sec>",
"alternative-id": [
"13195"
],
"assertion": [
{
"group": {
"label": "Article History",
"name": "ArticleHistory"
},
"label": "Received",
"name": "received",
"order": 1,
"value": "10 September 2024"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Article History",
"name": "ArticleHistory"
},
"label": "Accepted",
"name": "accepted",
"order": 2,
"value": "24 March 2026"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Article History",
"name": "ArticleHistory"
},
"label": "First Online",
"name": "first_online",
"order": 3,
"value": "31 March 2026"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Declarations",
"name": "EthicsHeading"
},
"name": "Ethics",
"order": 1
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Ethics approval and consent to participate",
"name": "EthicsHeading"
},
"name": "Ethics",
"order": 2,
"value": "Not applicable."
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Consent for publication",
"name": "EthicsHeading"
},
"name": "Ethics",
"order": 3,
"value": "Not applicable."
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Competing interests",
"name": "EthicsHeading"
},
"name": "Ethics",
"order": 4,
"value": "The authors declare no competing interests."
}
],
"author": [
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Wang",
"given": "Xuanyu",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Meng",
"given": "Jiahao",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Li",
"given": "Yinghui",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Xiang",
"given": "Yuqing",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Wu",
"given": "Yumei",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Xiong",
"given": "Yilin",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Liu",
"given": "Pan",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [],
"family": "Gao",
"given": "Shuguang",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "BMC Infectious Diseases",
"container-title-short": "BMC Infect Dis",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": false,
"domain": [
"link.springer.com"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
31
]
],
"date-time": "2026-03-31T10:37:06Z",
"timestamp": 1774953426000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
31
]
],
"date-time": "2026-03-31T10:37:11Z",
"timestamp": 1774953431000
},
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
31
]
],
"date-time": "2026-03-31T11:19:57Z",
"timestamp": 1774955997317,
"version": "3.50.1"
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
31
]
]
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
"content-version": "tdm",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
31
]
],
"date-time": "2026-03-31T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1774915200000
}
},
{
"URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
"content-version": "am",
"delay-in-days": 0,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
31
]
],
"date-time": "2026-03-31T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1774915200000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-026-13195-9",
"content-type": "text/html",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "text-mining"
}
],
"member": "297",
"original-title": [],
"prefix": "10.1186",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
31
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2026,
3,
31
]
]
},
"publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
"reference": [
{
"author": "AH Attaway",
"first-page": "n436",
"journal-title": "BMJ (Clinical Res ed)",
"key": "13195_CR1",
"unstructured": "Attaway AH, Scheraga RG, Bhimraj A, Biehl M, Hatipoğlu U. Severe covid-19 pneumonia: pathogenesis and clinical management. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2021;372:n436.",
"volume": "372",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMcp2009575",
"author": "DA Berlin",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "2451",
"issue": "25",
"journal-title": "N Engl J Med",
"key": "13195_CR2",
"unstructured": "Berlin DA, Gulick RM, Martinez FJ. Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(25):2451–60.",
"volume": "383",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/jmv.27469",
"author": "M Ozer",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1473",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "J Med Virol",
"key": "13195_CR3",
"unstructured": "Ozer M, Goksu SY, Conception R, Ulker E, Balderas RM, Mahdi M, Manning Z, To K, Effendi M, Anandakrishnan R, et al. Effectiveness and safety of Ivermectin in COVID-19 patients: A prospective study at a safety-net hospital. J Med Virol. 2022;94(4):1473–80.",
"volume": "94",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.007",
"author": "M Bartoletti",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "222",
"issue": "2",
"journal-title": "Clin Microbiol infection: official publication Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis",
"key": "13195_CR4",
"unstructured": "Bartoletti M, Azap O, Barac A, Bussini L, Ergonul O, Krause R, Paño-Pardo JR, Power NR, Sibani M, Szabo BG, et al. ESCMID COVID-19 living guidelines: drug treatment and clinical management. Clin Microbiol infection: official publication Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022;28(2):222–38.",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.4103/ijp.ijp_117_21",
"author": "TA Azeez",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "493",
"issue": "6",
"journal-title": "Indian J Pharmacol",
"key": "13195_CR5",
"unstructured": "Azeez TA, Lakoh S, Adeleke AA, Balogun OT, Olanipekun BJ, Olusola FI. Chemoprophylaxis against COVID-19 among health-care workers using Ivermectin in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Pharmacol. 2021;53(6):493–8.",
"volume": "53",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.chest.2023.07.2538",
"author": "A Dilli Babu",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "A3892",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "Chest",
"key": "13195_CR6",
"unstructured": "Dilli Babu A, Singh S, Goel S. META-ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF IVERMECTIN FOR MILD-MODERATE COVID-19. Chest. 2023;164(4):A3892.",
"volume": "164",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1002/jcph.2178",
"author": "GY Hu",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "288",
"issue": "3",
"journal-title": "J Clin Pharmacol",
"key": "13195_CR7",
"unstructured": "Hu GY, Liang CA, Lin PC, Lin CY. Ivermectin’s Role in the Prevention of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;63(3):288–97.",
"volume": "63",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s43440-021-00245-z",
"author": "CS Kow",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1473",
"issue": "5",
"journal-title": "Pharmacol Rep",
"key": "13195_CR8",
"unstructured": "Kow CS, Merchant HA, Mustafa ZU, Hasan SS. The association between the use of ivermectin and mortality in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. Pharmacol Rep. 2021;73(5):1473–9.",
"volume": "73",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_117_23",
"author": "RK Maddukuri",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "9",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "Indian J community medicine: official publication Indian Association Prev Social Med",
"key": "13195_CR9",
"unstructured": "Maddukuri RK, Desimalla ML, Banavathu R, Arepalli SPK. Ivermectin as a Treatment Modality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Up-To-Date RCTs. Indian J community medicine: official publication Indian Association Prev Social Med. 2025;50(1):9–19.",
"volume": "50",
"year": "2025"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102186",
"author": "A Zein",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "102186",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "Diabetes metabolic syndrome",
"key": "13195_CR10",
"unstructured": "Zein A, Sulistiyana CS, Raffaelo WM, Pranata R. Ivermectin and mortality in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes metabolic syndrome. 2021;15(4):102186.",
"volume": "15",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1097/MS9.0000000000002762",
"author": "N Sai Yengu",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "809",
"issue": "2",
"journal-title": "Annals Med Surg (2012)",
"key": "13195_CR11",
"unstructured": "Sai Yengu N, Raheem A, Pons AG, Ho WL, Ali SMS, Haseeb A, Fadlalla Ahmad TK, Mustafa MS. The impact of ivermectin on COVID-19 outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals Med Surg (2012). 2025;87(2):809–29.",
"volume": "87",
"year": "2025"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/antibiotics14050459",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "13195_CR12",
"unstructured": "Satyam SM, El-Tanani M, Patni MA, Rehman A, Wali AF, Rangraze IR, Babiker R, Rabbani SA, El-Tanani Y, Rizzo M. Repurposing Anthelmintic Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials on Ivermectin and Mebendazole. Antibiot (Basel Switzerland) 2025, 14(5)."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27647",
"author": "Z Song",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e27647",
"issue": "6",
"journal-title": "Heliyon",
"key": "13195_CR13",
"unstructured": "Song Z, Shi S, Zhang Y. Ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2024;10(6):e27647.",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2024"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097",
"author": "D Moher",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e1000097",
"issue": "7",
"journal-title": "PLoS Med",
"key": "13195_CR14",
"unstructured": "Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.",
"volume": "6",
"year": "2009"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmj.d5928",
"author": "JP Higgins",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "d5928",
"journal-title": "BMJ (Clinical Res ed)",
"key": "13195_CR15",
"unstructured": "Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2011;343:d5928.",
"volume": "343",
"year": "2011"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.02.004",
"author": "RA Mustafa",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "736",
"issue": "7",
"journal-title": "J Clin Epidemiol",
"key": "13195_CR16",
"unstructured": "Mustafa RA, Santesso N, Brozek J, Akl EA, Walter SD, Norman G, Kulasegaram M, Christensen R, Guyatt GH, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. The GRADE approach is reproducible in assessing the quality of evidence of quantitative evidence syntheses. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):736–42. quiz 742.e731-735.",
"volume": "66",
"year": "2013"
},
{
"DOI": "10.11613/BM.2012.031",
"author": "ML McHugh",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "276",
"issue": "3",
"journal-title": "Biochemia Med",
"key": "13195_CR17",
"unstructured": "McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Med. 2012;22(3):276–82.",
"volume": "22",
"year": "2012"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1213/ANE.0000000000002370",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "13195_CR18",
"unstructured": "Vetter TR. Fundamentals of Research Data and Variables: The Devil Is in the Details. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(4):1375–80."
},
{
"author": "M Cumpston",
"first-page": "Ed000142",
"issue": "10",
"journal-title": "Cochrane Database Syst Rev",
"key": "13195_CR19",
"unstructured": "Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10(10):Ed000142.",
"volume": "10",
"year": "2019"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s10654-019-00576-5",
"author": "T Muka",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "49",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "Eur J Epidemiol",
"key": "13195_CR20",
"unstructured": "Muka T, Glisic M, Milic J, Verhoog S, Bohlius J, Bramer W, Chowdhury R, Franco OH. A 24-step guide on how to design, conduct, and successfully publish a systematic review and meta-analysis in medical research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(1):49–60.",
"volume": "35",
"year": "2020"
},
{
"author": "M van Tulder",
"first-page": "1290",
"issue": "12",
"journal-title": "Spine",
"key": "13195_CR21",
"unstructured": "van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the cochrane collaboration back review group. Spine. 2003;28(12):1290–9.",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2003"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41586-021-04387-1",
"author": "S Cele",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "654",
"issue": "7898",
"journal-title": "Nature",
"key": "13195_CR22",
"unstructured": "Cele S, Jackson L, Khoury DS, Khan K, Moyo-Gwete T, Tegally H, San JE, Cromer D, Scheepers C, Amoako DG, et al. Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization. Nature. 2022;602(7898):654–6.",
"volume": "602",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232965",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "13195_CR23",
"unstructured": "Pather S, Madhi SA, Cowling BJ, Moss P, Kamil JP, Ciesek S, Muik A, Türeci Ö. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants: burden of disease, impact on vaccine effectiveness and need for variant-adapted vaccines. Front Immunol 2023. 2023;14."
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/antibiotics11060796",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "13195_CR24",
"unstructured": "Angkasekwinai N, Rattanaumpawan P, Chayakulkeeree M, Phoompoung P, Koomanachai P, Chantarasut S, Wangchinda W, Srinonprasert V, Thamlikitkul V. Safety and Efficacy of Ivermectin for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. Antibiot (Basel Switzerland) 2022;11(6)."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1097/MJT.0000000000001433",
"author": "RE Chahla",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e601",
"issue": "5",
"journal-title": "Am J Ther",
"key": "13195_CR25",
"unstructured": "Chahla RE, Medina Ruiz L, Ortega ES, Morales Rn MF, Barreiro F, George A, Mancilla Rn C, S, Barrenechea DAR, Goroso G. Intensive Treatment With Ivermectin and Iota-Carrageenan as Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 in Health Care Workers From Tucuman, Argentina. Am J Ther. 2021;28(5):e601–4.",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"author": "RCS Seet",
"first-page": "314",
"journal-title": "Int J Infect diseases: IJID : official publication Int Soc Infect Dis",
"key": "13195_CR26",
"unstructured": "Seet RCS, Quek AML, Ooi DSQ, Sengupta S, Lakshminarasappa SR, Koo CY, So JBY, Goh BC, Loh KS, Fisher D, et al. Positive impact of oral hydroxychloroquine and povidone-iodine throat spray for COVID-19 prophylaxis: An open-label randomized trial. Int J Infect diseases: IJID : official publication Int Soc Infect Dis. 2021;106:314–22.",
"volume": "106",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.7860/JCDR/2021/46795.14529",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "13195_CR27",
"unstructured": "Shouman W, Hegazy A, Nafae R, Sileem A. Use of Ivermectin as a potential chemoprophylaxis for COVID-19 in Egypt: a Randomised clinical trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2021;15(2):OC27–OC32."
},
{
"author": "M Egger",
"first-page": "629",
"issue": "7109",
"journal-title": "BMJ (Clinical Res ed)",
"key": "13195_CR28",
"unstructured": "Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 1997;315(7109):629–34.",
"volume": "315",
"year": "1997"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/15563650.2022.2043338",
"author": "K Johnson-Arbor",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "571",
"issue": "5",
"journal-title": "Clin Toxicol (Phila)",
"key": "13195_CR29",
"unstructured": "Johnson-Arbor K. Ivermectin: a mini-review. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2022;60(5):571–5.",
"volume": "60",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00204-021-03025-z",
"author": "SP Rendic",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1535",
"issue": "5",
"journal-title": "Arch Toxicol",
"key": "13195_CR30",
"unstructured": "Rendic SP. Metabolism and interactions of Ivermectin with human cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters, possible adverse and toxic effects. Arch Toxicol. 2021;95(5):1535–46.",
"volume": "95",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1128/AAC.01543-21",
"author": "N Dinesh Kumar",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e0154321",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "Antimicrob Agents Chemother",
"key": "13195_CR31",
"unstructured": "Dinesh Kumar N, Ter Ellen BM, Bouma EM, Troost B, van de Pol DPI, van der Ende-Metselaar HH, van Gosliga D, Apperloo L, Carpaij OA, van den Berge M, et al. Moxidectin and Ivermectin Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Vero E6 Cells but Not in Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66(1):e0154321.",
"volume": "66",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2023.1124693",
"author": "CK Nwabufo",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "1124693",
"journal-title": "Front Pharmacol",
"key": "13195_CR32",
"unstructured": "Nwabufo CK, Hoque MT, Yip L, Khara M, Mubareka S, Pollanen MS, Bendayan R. SARS-CoV-2 infection dysregulates the expression of clinically relevant drug metabolizing enzymes in Vero E6 cells and membrane transporters in human lung tissues. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1124693.",
"volume": "14",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01610",
"author": "RT Eastman",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "20979",
"issue": "20",
"journal-title": "J Med Chem",
"key": "13195_CR33",
"unstructured": "Eastman RT, Rusinova R, Herold KF, Huang XP, Voss T, White AD, Hemmings HC Jr., Andersen OS, Dahlin JL. Membrane Perturbations and Assay Interferences by Ivermectin Explain Its In Vitro SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Activities and Lack of Translatability. J Med Chem. 2025;68(20):20979–1002.",
"volume": "68",
"year": "2025"
},
{
"author": "M Popp",
"first-page": "Cd015017",
"issue": "6",
"journal-title": "Cochrane Database Syst Rev",
"key": "13195_CR34",
"unstructured": "Popp M, Reis S, Schießer S, Hausinger RI, Stegemann M, Metzendorf MI, Kranke P, Meybohm P, Skoetz N, Weibel S. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;6(6):Cd015017.",
"volume": "6",
"year": "2022"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1136/bmjresp-2023-001674",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"key": "13195_CR35",
"unstructured": "Zhou G, Verweij S, Bijlsma MJ, de Vos S, Oude Rengerink K, Pasmooij AMG, van Baarle D, Niesters HGM, Mol P, Vonk JM et al. Repurposed drug studies on the primary prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open respiratory Res 2023, 10(1)."
},
{
"DOI": "10.1097/MJT.0000000000001402",
"author": "A Bryant",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "e434",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "Am J Ther",
"key": "13195_CR36",
"unstructured": "Bryant A, Lawrie TA, Dowswell T, Fordham EJ, Mitchell S, Hill SR, Tham TC. Ivermectin for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis to Inform Clinical Guidelines. Am J Ther. 2021;28(4):e434–60.",
"volume": "28",
"year": "2021"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3947/ic.2022.0127",
"author": "P Sarojvisut",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "50",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "Infect Chemother",
"key": "13195_CR37",
"unstructured": "Sarojvisut P, Apisarnthanarak A, Jantarathaneewat K, Sathitakorn O, Pienthong T, Mingmalairak C, Warren DK, Weber DJ. An Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial of Ivermectin Plus Favipiravir-Based Standard of Care versus Favipiravir-Based Standard of Care for Treatment of Moderate COVID-19 in Thailand. Infect Chemother. 2023;55(1):50–8.",
"volume": "55",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.4103/1995-7645.364007",
"author": "A Malektojari",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "3",
"issue": "1",
"journal-title": "Asian Pac J Trop Med",
"key": "13195_CR38",
"unstructured": "Malektojari A, Ghazizadeh S, Ersi M, Brahimi E, Hassanipour S, Fathalipour M, Hassaniazad M. Efficacy and safety of ivermectin in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2023;16(1):3–8.",
"volume": "16",
"year": "2023"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106130",
"author": "G Hayward",
"doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
"first-page": "106130",
"issue": "4",
"journal-title": "J Infect",
"key": "13195_CR39",
"unstructured": "Hayward G, Yu LM, Little P, Gbinigie O, Shanyinde M, Harris V, Dorward J, Saville BR, Berry N, Evans PH, et al. Ivermectin for COVID-19 in adults in the community (PRINCIPLE): An open, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial of short- and longer-term outcomes. J Infect. 2024;88(4):106130.",
"volume": "88",
"year": "2024"
}
],
"reference-count": 39,
"references-count": 39,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s12879-026-13195-9"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "The role of ivermectin in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy"
}