Iodine contrast exposure and incident COVID-19 infection

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3389/fmed.2022.1033601", "ISSN": [ "2296-858X" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1033601", "abstract": "<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Iodine and particularly its oxidated forms have long been recognized for its effective antiseptic properties. Limited <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> data suggest that iodine exposure may rapidly inactivate, reduce transmission, and reduce infectivity of SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesized that iodine exposure may be associated with decreased incident COVID-19 infection.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective population-level cohort analysis was performed of the U.S. Veterans Health Administration between 1 March 2020 and 31 December 2020, before the widespread availability of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the associations between iodinated contrast exposure and incident COVID-19 infection, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, place of residence, socioeconomic status, and insurance status.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>530,942 COVID-19 tests from 333,841 Veterans (mean ± SD age, 62.7 ± 15.2 years; 90.2% men; 61.9% non-Hispanic Whites) were analyzed, of whom 9% had received iodinated contrast ≤60 days of a COVID-19 test. Iodine exposure was associated with decreased incident COVID-19 test positivity (OR, 0.75 95% CI, 0.71–0.78). In stratified analyses, the associations between iodinated contrast use and decreased COVID-19 infection risk did not differ by age, sex, and race/ethnicity.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Iodine exposure may be protective against incident COVID-19 infection. Weighed against the risks of supraphysiologic iodine intake, dietary, and supplemental iodine nutrition not to exceed its Tolerable Upper Limit may confer an antimicrobial benefit against SARS-CoV-2. A safe but antimicrobial level of iodine supplementation may be considered in susceptible individuals, particularly in geographic regions where effective COVID-19 vaccines are not yet readily available.</jats:p></jats:sec>", "alternative-id": [ "10.3389/fmed.2022.1033601" ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Tsai", "given": "Karen", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Inoue", "given": "Kosuke", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "McClean", "given": "Michael", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Kaunitz", "given": "Jonathan D.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Akiba", "given": "Yasutada", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Lee", "given": "Martin L.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Neverova", "given": "Natalia V.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Currier", "given": "Jesse W.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Ebrahimi", "given": "Ramin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Bashir", "given": "Muhammad T.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Leung", "given": "Angela M.", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Frontiers in Medicine", "container-title-short": "Front. Med.", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": true, "domain": [ "frontiersin.org" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-01T05:54:57Z", "timestamp": 1669874097000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-01T05:55:02Z", "timestamp": 1669874102000 }, "funder": [ { "DOI": "10.13039/100000738", "award": [ "5|01CX0011845, I01BX001245" ], "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "name": "U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 2 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-02T05:55:11Z", "timestamp": 1669960511897 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 1 ] ] }, "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 1 ] ], "date-time": "2022-12-01T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1669852800000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.1033601/full", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1965", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.3389", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 1 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 12, 1 ] ] }, "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA", "reference": [ { "journal-title": "COVID-19 Mortality Analyses. 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