0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ AR0-CORONA Parienti (DB RCT) -100% 2.00 [0.19-20.9] hosp. 2/30 1/30 CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control Arruda (DB RCT) 80% 0.20 [0.01-3.97] hosp. 0/43 2/41 Tau​2​ = 0.80, I​2​ = 29.8%, p = 0.83 Early treatment 24% 0.76 [0.08-7.19] 2/73 3/71 24% lower risk Gaitán-Dua.. (RCT) 32% 0.68 [0.39-1.20] death 160 (n) 161 (n) CT​1​ Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control PANCOVID Montejano (RCT) -76% 1.76 [0.52-5.91] death 177 (n) 178 (n) Yazdan Pouri (RCT) 89% 0.11 [0.01-1.98] ventilation 0/30 4/30 Tau​2​ = 0.33, I​2​ = 44.6%, p = 0.62 Late treatment 22% 0.78 [0.30-2.03] 0/367 4/369 22% lower risk EPICOS Polo (DB RCT) 66% 0.34 [0.00-2.06] symp. case 3/233 5/223 Improvement, RR [CI] Treatment Control CoviPrep Belloso (DB RCT) unknown, >4 years late 1,378 (total) Valderr.. (DB RCT) unknown, >4 years late 950 (est. total) Tau​2​ = 0.00, I​2​ = 0.0%, p = 0.14 Prophylaxis 66% 0.34 [0.00-2.06] 3/233 5/223 66% lower risk All studies 31% 0.69 [0.37-1.29] 5/673 12/663 31% lower risk 6 Tenofovir COVID-19 studies (+2 unreported RCTs) c19early.org September 2025 Tau​2​ = 0.12, I​2​ = 18.6%, p = 0.25 Effect extraction pre-specified(most serious outcome) ​1​ CT: study uses combined treatment Favors Tenofovir Favors control
Jan 1
Putrino et al., NCT06511063 Investigating the Feasibility of Repurposing HIV Antivirals in Adults With Long Covid
Estimated 90 patient Tenofovir late treatment RCT with results not reported over 10 months after estimated completion.
Oct 17
2024
Yazdan Pouri et al., BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, doi:10.1186/s40360-024-00781-3 Effect of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate on the outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a prospective, block-balanced, open-label, randomized controlled trial
89% lower ventilation (p=0.11). RCT 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing fewer mechanical ventilation and ICU days with tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) treatment in addition to remdesivir and corticosteroids.
Aug 20
2022
Montejano et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciac628 Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine and Baricitinib for Patients at High Risk of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019: The PANCOVID Randomized Clinical Trial
76% higher mortality (p=0.38) and 6% lower progression (p=0.77). RCT 355 high-risk, mostly hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant benefit with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) treatment.
Aug 5
2022
Polo et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2022.07.006 Daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine and hydroxychloroquine for pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19: a double-blind placebo controlled randomized trial in healthcare workers
66% fewer symptomatic cases (p=0.59) and 19% fewer cases (p=0.51). Early terminated healthcare worker prophylaxis RCT in Spain, showing lower risk of symptomatic cases with both HCQ and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, without statistical significance due to the small number of events.
Dec 31
2021
Arruda et al., European Journal of Respiratory Medicine, doi:10.31488/EJRM.122 Clinical Features, Pathobiology, Efficacy, and Toxicity of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Emtricitabine for Mild to Moderate SARS-CoV-2 Infections
80% lower hospitalization (p=0.24) and 9% worse recovery (p=0.82). RCT 226 outpatients showing no significant difference with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) alone or combined with emtricitabine (FTC) for mild to moderate COVID-19, compared with vitamin C.
Aug 31
2021
Parienti et al., eClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100993 Effect of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Emtricitabine on nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load burden amongst outpatients with COVID-19: A pilot, randomized, open-label phase 2 trial
11% improved recovery (p=0.47) and 37% improved viral clearance (p=0.1). RCT 60 outpatients with mild/moderate COVID-19 showing no significant clinical benefit with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus emtricitabine. The primary endpoint of viral load reduction at day 4 was not met (p=0.13), though a secondary e..
Jul 10
2021
Gaitán-Duarte et al., eClinicalMedicine, doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101242 Effectiveness of rosuvastatin plus colchicine, emtricitabine/tenofovir and combinations thereof in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a pragmatic, open-label randomized trial
32% lower mortality (p=0.19). RCT 633 hospitalized patients in Colombia, 153 treated with colchicine + rosuvastatin, 160 treated with emtricitabine + tenofovir, and 159 treated with the combination of both regimens. Statistically significant improvement was seen only ..
Apr 1
2021
Valderrama et al., NCT04519125 Effectiveness of the Use of Personal Protective Equipment in Addition to Tenofovir/Emtricitabine for the Prevention of the Transmission of SARS-COV-2 to Health Care Personnel. Randomized Clinical Trial
Estimated 950 participant Tenofovir prophylaxis RCT with results not reported over 5 years after estimated completion.
Nov 15
2020
Belloso et al., NCT04405271 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of TAF/FTC for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Healthcare Workers (CoviPrep Study)
1,378 participant Tenofovir prophylaxis RCT with results not reported over 5 years after completion.