The Distinct Regulation of the Vitamin D and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors in COVID-19
Oliver Robak, Marie-Theres Kastner, Astrid Voill-Glaninger, André Viveiros, Christoph Steininger
Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu16050598
1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 affects several immune pathways, including the vitamin D (VDR) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathways (AhR). The aim of the study was the evaluation of the VDR and AhR pathways in the blood of COVID-19 patients with regard to the severity of disease. (2) Methods: Observational, single-center, case-control design. A total of 240 samples were selected for exploration. Patients who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 but suffered from other respiratory infections (ORIs) served as a control group. (3) Results: VDR-specific mRNA in the blood of patients with mild symptoms (131.2 ± 198.6) was significantly upregulated relative to the VDR expression of the ORI group (23.24 ± 42.60; p < 0.0001); however, VDR expression of critically ill patients showed an impaired upregulation (54.73 ± 68.34; p < 0.001). CYP27B1 expression was not significantly regulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was a downregulation of VDR and CYP27B1 compared to survivors. There was no significant difference in 25(OH)-vitamin D3 levels between critically ill patients with regard to survival (24.3 ± 9.4 vs. 27.1 ± 11.3; p = 0.433). ( 4 ) Conclusion: The VDR and AhR pathways are distinctively regulated in patients suffering from COVID-19 depending on the severity of disease. A combination treatment of antiviral drugs and vitamin D substitution should be evaluated for potentially improved prognosis in COVID-19.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>(1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 affects several immune pathways, including the vitamin D '
'(VDR) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathways (AhR). The aim of the study was the '
'evaluation of the VDR and AhR pathways in the blood of COVID-19 patients with regard to the '
'severity of disease. (2) Methods: Observational, single-center, case–control design. A total '
'of 240 samples were selected for exploration. Patients who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 but '
'suffered from other respiratory infections (ORIs) served as a control group. (3) Results: '
'VDR-specific mRNA in the blood of patients with mild symptoms (131.2 ± 198.6) was '
'significantly upregulated relative to the VDR expression of the ORI group (23.24 ± 42.60; p '
'< 0.0001); however, VDR expression of critically ill patients showed an impaired '
'upregulation (54.73 ± 68.34; p < 0.001). CYP27B1 expression was not significantly '
'regulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was a downregulation of VDR and CYP27B1 compared '
'to survivors. There was no significant difference in 25(OH)-vitamin D3 levels between '
'critically ill patients with regard to survival (24.3 ± 9.4 vs. 27.1 ± 11.3; p = 0.433). (4) '
'Conclusion: The VDR and AhR pathways are distinctively regulated in patients suffering from '
'COVID-19 depending on the severity of disease. A combination treatment of antiviral drugs and '
'vitamin D substitution should be evaluated for potentially improved prognosis in '
'COVID-19.</jats:p>',
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