Analgesics
Antiandrogens
Antihistamines
Bromhexine
Budesonide
Colchicine
Conv. Plasma
Curcumin
Fluvoxamine
Hydroxychlor..
Ivermectin
Lifestyle
Melatonin
Metformin
Minerals
Monoclonals
Mpro inhibitors
Naso/orophar..
Nigella Sativa
Nitazoxanide
PPIs
Quercetin
RdRp inhibitors
Thermotherapy
Vitamins
More

Other
Feedback
Home
 
next
study
previous
study
c19early.org COVID-19 treatment researchSelect treatment..Select..
Metformin Meta
Bromhexine Meta
Budesonide Meta
Colchicine Meta Nigella Sativa Meta
Conv. Plasma Meta Nitazoxanide Meta
Curcumin Meta PPIs Meta
Fluvoxamine Meta Quercetin Meta
Hydroxychlor.. Meta
Ivermectin Meta Thermotherapy Meta
Melatonin Meta

 

The Impact of Low Serum Magnesium Levels on COVID-19 Severity and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Magnesium Supplementation: A Systematic Review

Majumder et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77118
Jan 2025  
  Post
  Facebook
Share
  Source   PDF  
Systematic review of 26 studies with 11,363 patients on the association between serum magnesium levels, magnesium supplementation, and COVID-19 outcomes. Most studies found that lower serum magnesium levels were associated with increased COVID-19 severity, higher mortality rates, and longer recovery times. Critically ill patients had significantly lower magnesium levels compared to those with moderate or severe disease. However, some studies reported conflicting results, with hypermagnesemia also associated with poor outcomes in certain patient subgroups. Magnesium supplementation, especially at doses over 450 mg, was correlated with potential benefits. Higher dietary magnesium intake was also linked to shorter hospital stays and faster recovery. Authors note that more well-designed clinical trials are needed.
Majumder et al., 8 Jan 2025, peer-reviewed, 8 authors. Contact: ssazzad@iu.edu.
This PaperMiscellaneousAll
The Impact of Low Serum Magnesium Levels on COVID-19 Severity and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Magnesium Supplementation: A Systematic Review
Mehrab Hasan Majumder, Sadman Sazzad, Rabeya Hasin, Tasnim Jabbar Brishti, Fateha Nadia Tabassum, Tanvir Ahamed, Abdullah A Masud, Fahima Akter
Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.77118
In this review, our objective was to analyze the association between serum magnesium (Mg) levels, Mg supplementation, and coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes. This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searching major databases until February 2023. Twenty-six studies (11,363 patients) were included: 22 examining serum Mg levels (8474 patients) and four investigating Mg supplementations (2889 patients). Most studies indicated an association between lower serum Mg levels and increased COVID-19 severity, including higher mortality rates and prolonged recovery periods. Critical patients demonstrated significantly lower Mg levels compared to moderate/severe cases. However, some studies reported conflicting findings, with hypermagnesemia also associated with poor outcomes in specific patient populations. Regarding supplementation, higher dietary Mg intake correlated with shorter hospitalization duration and faster recovery. Mg supplementation exceeding 450 mg showed potential benefits, including increased antibody titers in pregnant women and reduced oxygen support requirements in elderly patients when combined with vitamins D and B12. While evidence suggests a potential relationship between Mg status and COVID-19 outcomes, findings are heterogeneous. Further investigation through well-designed clinical trials is required to gain deeper insights into the role of Mg in COVID-19 pathophysiology and the therapeutic potential of Mg supplementation.
Additional Information Author Contributions All authors have reviewed the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Concept and design: Disclosures Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
References
Abdulla, Abed, Evaluation of zinc, magnesium and copper levels and the relation with severity and mortality of COVID-19 in females childbearing age Iraqi patients, Res Mil
Ajib, Childress, Magnesium Toxicity
Anghel, Manole, Nechita, Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium abnormalities associated with COVID-19 infection, and beyond, Biomedicines, doi:10.3390/biomedicines11092362
Anuk, Polat, Akdas, The relation between trace element status (zinc, copper, magnesium) and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, Biol Trace Elem Res, doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02496-y
Avan, Mazidimoradi, Salehiniya, Effect of magnesium on severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, J Acute Dis, doi:10.4103/2221-6189.355308
Beigmohammadi, Bitarafan, Abdollahi, The association between serum levels of micronutrients and the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19, Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111400
Beyerstedt, Casaro, Rangel, COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, doi:10.1007/s10096-020-04138-6
Bonakdaran, Layegh, Hasani, The prognostic role of metabolic and endocrine parameters for the clinical severity of COVID-19, Dis Markers
Britton, Dietary magnesium, lung function, wheezing, and airway hyper-reactivity in a random adult population sample, Lancet
Cascella, Rajnik, Aleem, Dulebohn, Napoli, Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Cazzola, Porta, Manoni, Iotti, Pinotti et al., Going to the roots of reduced magnesium dietary intake: a tradeoff between climate changes and sources, Heliyon
Chau, Solomon, Lee, Igneri, 240: Electrolyte disturbances in COVID-19 patients requiring respiratory support, Crit Care Med, doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000807284.00516.f7
Citu, Citu, Margan, Calcium, magnesium, and zinc supplementation during pregnancy: the additive value of micronutrients on maternal immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14071445
Cozzolino, Romano, Nevola, COVID-19 and arrhythmia: The factors associated and the role of myocardial electrical impulse propagation. An observational study based on cardiac telemetric monitoring, Front Cardiovasc Med, doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.912474
Dana, Vaseghi, Nasirian, Laher, Manteghinejad et al., Effect of serum magnesium levels on outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, Bratisl Lek Listy, doi:10.4149/BLL_2023_071
Dominguez, Veronese, Guerrero-Romero, Barbagallo, Magnesium in infectious diseases in older people, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu13010180
Duksal, Burnik, Mermer, Yavuz, Evaluation of the effect of biochemistry parameters on the clinical course in COVID-19 patients who received tocilizumab treatment, South Med J
Díez, Iglesias, García, Martín-Casasempere, Fa, Serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels in patients with COVID-19: relationships with poor outcome and mortality, Horm Metab Res, doi:10.1055/a-1899-8862
Guerrero-Romero, Mercado, Rodriguez-Moran, Magnesium-to-calcium ratio and mortality from COVID-19, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14091686
Guerrero-Romero, Micke, Simental-Mendía, Importance of magnesium status in COVID-19, Biology, doi:10.3390/biology12050735
Haroon, Evaluation of pattern and impact of electrolytes abnormalities in critically ill covid-19 patients, J Liaquat Univ Med Health Sci
Harrison, Fazio-Eynullayeva, Lane, Underhill, Lip, Comorbidities associated with mortality in 31,461 adults with COVID-19 in the United States: a federated electronic medical record analysis, PLoS Med, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003321
Hashemipour, Kiani, Shahsavari, Hypocalcemia in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: roles of hypovitaminosis D and functional hypoparathyroidism, J Bone Miner Metab, doi:10.1007/s00774-022-01330-w
Hk, Hk, Maes, Intersections between pneumonia, lowered oxygen saturation percentage and immune activation mediate depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome-like symptoms due to COVID-19: a nomothetic network approach, J Affect Disord
Hk, Hk, Morris, Maes, Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, sRAGE and immune activation, but lowered calcium and magnesium in COVID-19: association with chest CT abnormalities and lowered peripheral oxygen saturation, PREPRINT, doi:10.1101/2021.03.26.21254383
Iotti, Wolf, Mazur, Maier, The COVID-19 pandemic: is there a role for magnesium? Hypotheses and perspectives, Magnes Res
Kumar, Tomo, Purohit, Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper and magnesium level and their relations in association with severity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients, Biol Trace Elem Res, doi:10.1007/s12011-022-03124-7
Maier, Castiglioni, Locatelli, Zocchi, Mazur, Magnesium and inflammation: advances and perspectives, Semin Cell Dev Biol
Mardani, Hakamifard, Sarhangipour, Mardani, Electrolyte abnormalities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients at tertiary referral centers in Tehran: hypermagnesemia as a marker of fatality: a retrospective cross-sectional study, Health Sci Rep, doi:10.1002/hsr2.1311
Micke, Vormann, Kisters, Magnesium deficiency and COVID-19 -what are the links?, Trace Elem Electrolytes, doi:10.5414/TEX01651
Miri, Badriahmadi, Shamshirian, Ghalibaf, Mozdourian, Electrolyte imbalance and COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients, Nephro-Urol Mon
Montesinos, Gruson, Kabamba, Evaluation of two automated and three rapid lateral flow immunoassays for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, J Clin Virol, doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104413
Nimer, Khabour, Swedan, Kofahi, The impact of vitamin and mineral supplements usage prior to COVID-19 infection on disease severity and hospitalization, Bosn J Basic Med Sci
Nouri-Majd, Ebrahimzadeh, Mousavi, Higher Intake of Dietary Magnesium Is Inversely Associated With COVID-19 Severity and Symptoms in Hospitalized Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study, Front Nutr, doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.873162
Nouri-Majd, Ebrahimzadeh, Mousavi, Higher intake of dietary magnesium is inversely associated with COVID-19 severity and symptoms in hospitalized patients: a cross-sectional study, Front Nutr, doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.873162/full
Park, Lee, Seo, Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS): development and validation of a new instrument, Cochrane Rev
Perez, De, Angeles, Peralta, Mojica et al., Reduction in serum magnesium levels and renal function are associated with increased mortality in obese COVID-19 patients, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14194054
Phelan, Katz, Lo, The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance, JAMA
Prisma-S, PRISMA Search Reporting Extension
Quilliot, Bonsack, Jaussaud, Mazur, Dysmagnesemia in Covid-19 cohort patients: prevalence and associated factors, Magnes Res, doi:10.1684/mrh.2021.0476
Rostami, Alavi, Daghagheleh, Maraghi, Hosseini, A randomized clinical trial investigating the impact of magnesium supplementation on clinical and biochemical measures in COVID-19 patients, Virol J, doi:10.1186/s12985-024-02362-6
Rostami, Shafei, Nemati, Einollahi, Rostami, POS-109 Common electrolyte abnormalities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, Kidney Int Rep, doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.117
Sabaghian, Honarvar, Safavi-Naini, Fadaki, Pourhoseingholi et al., Effect of electrolyte imbalance on mortality and late acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, Iran J Kidney Dis, doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000807284.00516.f7
Salinas-Aguirre, Sánchez-García, Rodríguez-Sanchez, Rodríguez-Muñoz, Díaz-Castaño et al., Clinical characteristics and comorbidities associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 in Coahuila (Mexico), Rev Clínica Esp Engl Ed
Segev, Sagir, Matetzky, Segev, Atar et al., Admission serum magnesium levels is associated with short and long-term clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu15092016
Sohrabi, Alsafi, Neill, World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), Int J Surg
Strilchuk, Cincione, Fogacci, Cicero, Dietary interventions in blood pressure lowering: current evidence in 2020, Kardiol Pol
Tan, Ho, Kalimuddin, Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B(12) in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19), Nutrition, doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017
Tanacan, Erol, Anuk, The association of serum electrolytes with disease severity and obstetric complications in pregnant women with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study from a tertiary reference center, Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, doi:10.1055/a-1577-3249
Tang, Ding, Jiao, Wu, Kong, Possibility of magnesium supplementation for supportive treatment in patients with COVID-19, Eur J Pharmacol
Wallace, Combating COVID-19 and building immune resilience: a potential role for magnesium nutrition?, J Am Coll Nutr, doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1785971
Wolf, Maier, Rosanoff, The magnesium global network (MaGNet) to promote research on magnesium in diseases focusing on covid-19, Magnes Res, doi:10.1684/mrh.2021.0479
Yasari, Akbarian, Abedini, Vasheghani, The role of electrolyte imbalances in predicting the severity of COVID-19 in the hospitalized patients: a cross-sectional study, Sci Rep, doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19264-8
Zhu, Bao, Bi, Serum magnesium in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from Wuhan, China, Magnes Res, doi:10.1684/mrh.2021.0488
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.7759/cureus.77118", "ISSN": [ "2168-8184" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.77118", "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Majumder", "given": "Mehrab Hasan", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Sazzad", "given": "Sadman", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Hasin", "given": "Rabeya", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Brishti", "given": "Tasnim Jabbar", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Tabassum", "given": "Fateha Nadia", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Ahamed", "given": "Tanvir", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Masud", "given": "Abdullah A", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Akter", "given": "Fahima", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Cureus", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 1, 8 ] ], "date-time": "2025-01-08T08:01:02Z", "timestamp": 1736323262000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 1, 8 ] ], "date-time": "2025-01-08T08:01:12Z", "timestamp": 1736323272000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 1, 9 ] ], "date-time": "2025-01-09T05:16:25Z", "timestamp": 1736399785057, "version": "3.32.0" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 1, 8 ] ] }, "language": "en", "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.cureus.com/articles/323545-the-impact-of-low-serum-magnesium-levels-on-covid-19-severity-and-potential-therapeutic-benefits-of-magnesium-supplementation-a-systematic-review", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.7759", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 1, 8 ] ] }, "published-print": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 1, 8 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104413", "article-title": "Evaluation of two automated and three rapid lateral flow immunoassays for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies", "author": "Montesinos I", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J Clin Virol", "key": "ref1", "unstructured": "Montesinos I, Gruson D, Kabamba B, et al.. Evaluation of two automated and three rapid lateral flow immunoassays for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. J Clin Virol. 2020, 128:104413. 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104413", "volume": "128", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19)", "author": "Cascella M", "key": "ref2", "unstructured": "Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2025.", "year": "2025" }, { "article-title": "The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance", "author": "Phelan AL", "journal-title": "JAMA", "key": "ref3", "unstructured": "Phelan AL, Katz R, Gostin LO. The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance. JAMA. 2020, 25:709.", "volume": "25", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s10096-020-04138-6", "article-title": "COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection", "author": "Beyerstedt S", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis", "key": "ref4", "unstructured": "Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Rangel ÉB. COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021, 40:905-19. 10.1007/s10096-020-04138-6", "volume": "40", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)", "author": "Sohrabi C", "journal-title": "Int J Surg", "key": "ref5", "unstructured": "Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O’Neill N. World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. 2020, 30:71-6.", "volume": "30", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1684/mrh.2021.0479", "article-title": "The magnesium global network (MaGNet) to promote research on magnesium in diseases focusing on covid-19", "author": "Wolf FI", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Magnes Res", "key": "ref6", "unstructured": "Wolf FI, Maier JA, Rosanoff A, et al.. The magnesium global network (MaGNet) to promote research on magnesium in diseases focusing on covid-19. Magnes Res. 2021, 34:90-2. 10.1684/mrh.2021.0479", "volume": "34", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "The COVID-19 pandemic: is there a role for magnesium? Hypotheses and perspectives", "author": "Iotti S", "journal-title": "Magnes Res", "key": "ref7", "unstructured": "Iotti S, Wolf F, Mazur A, Maier JA. The COVID-19 pandemic: is there a role for magnesium? Hypotheses and perspectives. Magnes Res. 2020, 30:21-7.", "volume": "30", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.5414/TEX01651", "article-title": "Magnesium deficiency and COVID-19 - what are the links?", "author": "Micke O", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Trace Elem Electrolytes", "key": "ref8", "unstructured": "Micke O, Vormann J, Kisters K. Magnesium deficiency and COVID-19 - what are the links?. Trace Elem Electrolytes. 2020, 7:103-7. 10.5414/TEX01651", "volume": "7", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/07315724.2020.1785971", "article-title": "Combating COVID-19 and building immune resilience: a potential role for magnesium nutrition?", "author": "Wallace TC", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J Am Coll Nutr", "key": "ref9", "unstructured": "Wallace TC. Combating COVID-19 and building immune resilience: a potential role for magnesium nutrition?. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020, 39:685-93. 10.1080/07315724.2020.1785971", "volume": "39", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pmed.1003321", "article-title": "Comorbidities associated with mortality in 31,461 adults with COVID-19 in the United States: a federated electronic medical record analysis", "author": "Harrison SL", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "PLoS Med", "key": "ref10", "unstructured": "Harrison SL, Fazio-Eynullayeva E, Lane DA, Underhill P, Lip GY. Comorbidities associated with mortality in 31,461 adults with COVID-19 in the United States: a federated electronic medical record analysis. PLoS Med. 2020, 17:e1003321. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003321", "volume": "17", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Clinical characteristics and comorbidities associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 in Coahuila (Mexico)", "author": "Salinas-Aguirre JE", "journal-title": "Rev Clínica Esp Engl Ed", "key": "ref11", "unstructured": "Salinas-Aguirre JE, Sánchez-García C, Rodríguez-Sanchez R, Rodríguez-Muñoz L, Díaz-Castaño A, Bernal-Gómez R. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 in Coahuila (Mexico). Rev Clínica Esp Engl Ed. 2022, 30:288-92.", "volume": "30", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Going to the roots of reduced magnesium dietary intake: a tradeoff between climate changes and sources", "author": "Cazzola R", "journal-title": "Heliyon", "key": "ref12", "unstructured": "Cazzola R, Della Porta M, Manoni M, Iotti S, Pinotti L, Maier JA. Going to the roots of reduced magnesium dietary intake: a tradeoff between climate changes and sources. Heliyon. 2020, 30:6-8.", "volume": "30", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Possibility of magnesium supplementation for supportive treatment in patients with COVID-19", "author": "Tang CF", "journal-title": "Eur J Pharmacol", "key": "ref13", "unstructured": "Tang CF, Ding H, Jiao RQ, Wu XX, Kong LD. Possibility of magnesium supplementation for supportive treatment in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020, 30:886.", "volume": "30", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Magnesium and inflammation: advances and perspectives", "author": "Maier JA", "journal-title": "Semin Cell Dev Biol", "key": "ref14", "unstructured": "Maier JA, Castiglioni S, Locatelli L, Zocchi M, Mazur A. Magnesium and inflammation: advances and perspectives. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021, 30:37-44.", "volume": "30", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.33963/KP.15468", "article-title": "Dietary interventions in blood pressure lowering: current evidence in 2020", "author": "Strilchuk L", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "journal-title": "Kardiol Pol", "key": "ref15", "unstructured": "Strilchuk L, Cincione RI, Fogacci F, Cicero AFG. Dietary interventions in blood pressure lowering: current evidence in 2020. Kardiol Pol. 2020, 78:659-66.", "volume": "78", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu13010180", "article-title": "Magnesium in infectious diseases in older people", "author": "Dominguez LJ", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "ref16", "unstructured": "Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Guerrero-Romero F, Barbagallo M. Magnesium in infectious diseases in older people. Nutrients. 2021, 13:16-8. 10.3390/nu13010180", "volume": "13", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Dietary magnesium, lung function, wheezing, and airway hyper-reactivity in a random adult population sample", "author": "Britton J", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "ref17", "unstructured": "Britton J. Dietary magnesium, lung function, wheezing, and airway hyper-reactivity in a random adult population sample. Lancet. 1994, 30:357-62.", "volume": "30", "year": "1994" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/biology12050735", "article-title": "Importance of magnesium status in COVID-19", "author": "Guerrero-Romero F", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Biology (Basel)", "key": "ref18", "unstructured": "Guerrero-Romero F, Micke O, Simental-Mendía LE, et al.. Importance of magnesium status in COVID-19. Biology (Basel). 2023, 12:16-8. 10.3390/biology12050735", "volume": "12", "year": "2023" }, { "article-title": "Magnesium Toxicity", "author": "Ajib FA", "key": "ref19", "unstructured": "Ajib FA, Childress JM. Magnesium Toxicity. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL; 2022.", "year": "2022" }, { "key": "ref20", "unstructured": "PRISMA-S. PRISMA Search Reporting Extension. (2022). Accessed: January 7, 2025: https://osf.io/ygn9w/." }, { "article-title": "Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS): development and validation of a new instrument", "author": "Park J", "journal-title": "Cochrane Rev", "key": "ref21", "unstructured": "Park J, Lee Y, Seo H, et al.. Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS): development and validation of a new instrument. Cochrane Rev. 2011, 4:26-8.", "volume": "4", "year": "2011" }, { "article-title": "The relation between trace element status (zinc, copper, magnesium) and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 infection during pregnancy", "author": "Anuk AT", "journal-title": "Biol Trace Elem Res", "key": "ref22", "unstructured": "Anuk AT, Polat N, Akdas S. The relation between trace element status (zinc, copper, magnesium) and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021, 10:3608-17.", "volume": "10", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1684/mrh.2021.0488", "article-title": "Serum magnesium in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from Wuhan, China", "author": "Zhu L", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Magnes Res", "key": "ref23", "unstructured": "Zhu L, Bao X, Bi J, et al.. Serum magnesium in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from Wuhan, China. Magnes Res. 2021, 34:103-13. 10.1684/mrh.2021.0488", "volume": "34", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-022-19264-8", "article-title": "The role of electrolyte imbalances in predicting the severity of COVID-19 in the hospitalized patients: a cross-sectional study", "author": "Yasari F", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Sci Rep", "key": "ref24", "unstructured": "Yasari F, Akbarian M, Abedini A, Vasheghani M. The role of electrolyte imbalances in predicting the severity of COVID-19 in the hospitalized patients: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2022, 12:14732. 10.1038/s41598-022-19264-8", "volume": "12", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Intersections between pneumonia, lowered oxygen saturation percentage and immune activation mediate depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome-like symptoms due to COVID-19: a nomothetic network approach", "author": "Al-Jassas HK", "journal-title": "J Affect Disord", "key": "ref25", "unstructured": "Al-Jassas HK, Al-Hakeim HK, Maes M. Intersections between pneumonia, lowered oxygen saturation percentage and immune activation mediate depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue syndrome-like symptoms due to COVID-19: a nomothetic network approach. J Affect Disord. 2022, 31:233-45.", "volume": "31", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Electrolyte imbalance and COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients", "author": "Miri M", "journal-title": "Nephro-Urol Mon", "key": "ref26", "unstructured": "Miri M, Badriahmadi S, Shamshirian A, Moodi Ghalibaf A, Mozdourian M. Electrolyte imbalance and COVID-19 severity in hospitalized patients. Nephro-Urol Mon. 2022, 13:2024.", "volume": "13", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Evaluation of pattern and impact of electrolytes abnormalities in critically ill covid-19 patients", "author": "Haroon A", "journal-title": "J Liaquat Univ Med Health Sci", "key": "ref27", "unstructured": "Haroon A. Evaluation of pattern and impact of electrolytes abnormalities in critically ill covid-19 patients. J Liaquat Univ Med Health Sci. 2022, 31:16-22.", "volume": "31", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.nut.2021.111400", "article-title": "The association between serum levels of micronutrients and the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19", "author": "Beigmohammadi MT", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nutrition", "key": "ref28", "unstructured": "Beigmohammadi MT, Bitarafan S, Abdollahi A, et al.. The association between serum levels of micronutrients and the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19. Nutrition. 2021, 91-92:111400. 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111400", "volume": "91-92", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Evaluation of the effect of biochemistry parameters on the clinical course in COVID-19 patients who received tocilizumab treatment", "author": "Duksal F", "journal-title": "South Med J", "key": "ref29", "unstructured": "Duksal F, Burnik C, Mermer M, Yavuz S. Evaluation of the effect of biochemistry parameters on the clinical course in COVID-19 patients who received tocilizumab treatment. South Med J. 2022, 31:435-40.", "volume": "31", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14194054", "article-title": "Reduction in serum magnesium levels and renal function are associated with increased mortality in obese COVID-19 patients", "author": "Pulido Perez P", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "ref30", "unstructured": "Pulido Perez P, Póndigo de Los Angeles JA, Perez Peralta A, Ramirez Mojica E, Torres Rasgado E, Hernandez-Hernandez ME, Romero JR. Reduction in serum magnesium levels and renal function are associated with increased mortality in obese COVID-19 patients. Nutrients. 2022, 14:23-5. 10.3390/nu14194054", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.117", "article-title": "POS-109 Common electrolyte abnormalities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients", "author": "Rostami Z", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Kidney Int Rep", "key": "ref31", "unstructured": "Rostami Z, Shafei S, Nemati E, Einollahi B, Rostami A. POS-109 Common electrolyte abnormalities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Kidney Int Rep. 2021, 6:S45. 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.117", "volume": "6", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fcvm.2022.912474", "article-title": "COVID-19 and arrhythmia: The factors associated and the role of myocardial electrical impulse propagation. An observational study based on cardiac telemetric monitoring", "author": "Cozzolino D", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front Cardiovasc Med", "key": "ref32", "unstructured": "Cozzolino D, Romano C, Nevola R, et al.. COVID-19 and arrhythmia: The factors associated and the role of myocardial electrical impulse propagation. An observational study based on cardiac telemetric monitoring. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022, 9:912474. 10.3389/fcvm.2022.912474", "volume": "9", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "240: Electrolyte disturbances in COVID-19 patients requiring respiratory support", "author": "Chau T", "journal-title": "Crit Care Med", "key": "ref33", "unstructured": "Chau T, Solomon D, Lee B, Igneri L. 240: Electrolyte disturbances in COVID-19 patients requiring respiratory support. Crit Care Med. 2022, 31:105-7.", "volume": "31", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Evaluation of zinc, magnesium and copper levels and the relation with severity and mortality of COVID-19 in females childbearing age Iraqi patients", "author": "Abdulla MA", "journal-title": "Res Mil", "key": "ref34", "unstructured": "Abdulla MA, Abed NAN. Evaluation of zinc, magnesium and copper levels and the relation with severity and mortality of COVID-19 in females childbearing age Iraqi patients. Res Mil. 2022, 4:42-4.", "volume": "4", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1055/a-1577-3249", "article-title": "The association of serum electrolytes with disease severity and obstetric complications in pregnant women with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study from a tertiary reference center", "author": "Tanacan A", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd", "key": "ref35", "unstructured": "Tanacan A, Erol SA, Anuk AT, et al.. The association of serum electrolytes with disease severity and obstetric complications in pregnant women with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study from a tertiary reference center. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2022, 82:326-32. 10.1055/a-1577-3249", "volume": "82", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1097/01.ccm.0000807284.00516.f7", "article-title": "Effect of electrolyte imbalance on mortality and late acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients", "author": "Sabaghian T", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Iran J Kidney Dis", "key": "ref36", "unstructured": "Sabaghian T, Honarvar M, Safavi-Naini SAA, Sadeghi Fadaki AS, Pourhoseingholi MA, Hatamabadi H. Effect of electrolyte imbalance on mortality and late acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2022, 16:228-37. 10.1097/01.ccm.0000807284.00516.f7", "volume": "16", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14091686", "article-title": "Magnesium-to-calcium ratio and mortality from COVID-19", "author": "Guerrero-Romero F", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "ref37", "unstructured": "Guerrero-Romero F, Mercado M, Rodriguez-Moran M, et al.. Magnesium-to-calcium ratio and mortality from COVID-19. Nutrients. 2022, 14:51-3. 10.3390/nu14091686", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s00774-022-01330-w", "article-title": "Hypocalcemia in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: roles of hypovitaminosis D and functional hypoparathyroidism", "author": "Hashemipour S", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J Bone Miner Metab", "key": "ref38", "unstructured": "Hashemipour S, Kiani S, Shahsavari P, et al.. Hypocalcemia in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: roles of hypovitaminosis D and functional hypoparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Metab. 2022, 40:663-9. 10.1007/s00774-022-01330-w", "volume": "40", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1055/a-1899-8862", "article-title": "Serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels in patients with COVID-19: relationships with poor outcome and mortality", "author": "Díez JJ", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Horm Metab Res", "key": "ref39", "unstructured": "Díez JJ, Iglesias P, García A, Martín-Casasempere I, Bernabéu-Andréu FA. Serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels in patients with COVID-19: relationships with poor outcome and mortality. Horm Metab Res. 2023, 55:31-9. 10.1055/a-1899-8862", "volume": "55", "year": "2023" }, { "article-title": "The prognostic role of metabolic and endocrine parameters for the clinical severity of COVID-19", "author": "Bonakdaran S", "journal-title": "Dis Markers", "key": "ref40", "unstructured": "Bonakdaran S, Layegh P, Hasani S, et al.. The prognostic role of metabolic and endocrine parameters for the clinical severity of COVID-19. Dis Markers. 2022, 31:1-8.", "volume": "31", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, sRAGE and immune activation, but lowered calcium and magnesium in COVID-19: association with chest CT abnormalities and lowered peripheral oxygen saturation [PREPRINT]", "author": "Al-Hakeim HK", "journal-title": "medRxiv", "key": "ref41", "unstructured": "Al-Hakeim HK, Al-Jassas HK, Morris G, Maes M. Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, sRAGE and immune activation, but lowered calcium and magnesium in COVID-19: association with chest CT abnormalities and lowered peripheral oxygen saturation [PREPRINT]. medRxiv. 2021, 5:44-6.", "volume": "5", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12011-022-03124-7", "article-title": "Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper and magnesium level and their relations in association with severity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients", "author": "Kiran Kumar PVSN", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Biol Trace Elem Res", "key": "ref42", "unstructured": "Kiran Kumar PVSN, Tomo S, Purohit P, et al.. Comparative analysis of serum zinc, copper and magnesium level and their relations in association with severity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023, 201:23-30. 10.1007/s12011-022-03124-7", "volume": "201", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1684/mrh.2021.0476", "article-title": "Dysmagnesemia in Covid-19 cohort patients: prevalence and associated factors", "author": "Quilliot D", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Magnes Res", "key": "ref43", "unstructured": "Quilliot D, Bonsack O, Jaussaud R, Mazur A. Dysmagnesemia in Covid-19 cohort patients: prevalence and associated factors. Magnes Res. 2020, 33:114-22. 10.1684/mrh.2021.0476", "volume": "33", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14071445", "article-title": "Calcium, magnesium, and zinc supplementation during pregnancy: the additive value of micronutrients on maternal immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection", "author": "Citu IM", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "ref44", "unstructured": "Citu IM, Citu C, Margan MM, et al.. Calcium, magnesium, and zinc supplementation during pregnancy: the additive value of micronutrients on maternal immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nutrients. 2022, 14:51-2. 10.3390/nu14071445", "volume": "14", "year": "2022" }, { "article-title": "The impact of vitamin and mineral supplements usage prior to COVID-19 infection on disease severity and hospitalization", "author": "Nimer R", "journal-title": "Bosn J Basic Med Sci", "key": "ref45", "unstructured": "Nimer R, Khabour O, Swedan S, Kofahi H. The impact of vitamin and mineral supplements usage prior to COVID-19 infection on disease severity and hospitalization. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2022, 4:18-9.", "volume": "4", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2022.873162/full", "article-title": "Higher intake of dietary magnesium is inversely associated with COVID-19 severity and symptoms in hospitalized patients: a cross-sectional study", "author": "Nouri-Majd S", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front Nutr", "key": "ref46", "unstructured": "Nouri-Majd S, Ebrahimzadeh A, Mousavi SM, et al.. Higher intake of dietary magnesium is inversely associated with COVID-19 severity and symptoms in hospitalized patients: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2022, 12:72-4. 10.3389/fnut.2022.873162/full", "volume": "12", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017", "article-title": "Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B(12) in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19)", "author": "Tan CW", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nutrition", "key": "ref47", "unstructured": "Tan CW, Ho LP, Kalimuddin S, et al.. Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B(12) in combination on progression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19). Nutrition. 2020, 79-80:111017. 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111017", "volume": "79-80", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12985-024-02362-6", "article-title": "A randomized clinical trial investigating the impact of magnesium supplementation on clinical and biochemical measures in COVID-19 patients", "author": "Rostami S", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Virol J", "key": "ref48", "unstructured": "Rostami S, Alavi SM, Daghagheleh R, Maraghi E, Hosseini SA. A randomized clinical trial investigating the impact of magnesium supplementation on clinical and biochemical measures in COVID-19 patients. Virol J. 2024, 21:91. 10.1186/s12985-024-02362-6", "volume": "21", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2022.873162", "article-title": "Higher Intake of Dietary Magnesium Is Inversely Associated With COVID-19 Severity and Symptoms in Hospitalized Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study", "author": "Nouri-Majd S", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Front Nutr", "key": "ref49", "unstructured": "Nouri-Majd S, Ebrahimzadeh A, Mousavi SM, et al.. Higher Intake of Dietary Magnesium Is Inversely Associated With COVID-19 Severity and Symptoms in Hospitalized Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Nutr. 2022, 9:873162. 10.3389/fnut.2022.873162", "volume": "9", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.4103/2221-6189.355308", "article-title": "Effect of magnesium on severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review", "author": "Avan R", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "J Acute Dis", "key": "ref50", "unstructured": "Avan R, Mazidimoradi A, Salehiniya H. Effect of magnesium on severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. J Acute Dis. 2022, 11:120-1. 10.4103/2221-6189.355308", "volume": "11", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/biomedicines11092362", "article-title": "Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium abnormalities associated with COVID-19 infection, and beyond", "author": "Anghel L", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Biomedicines", "key": "ref51", "unstructured": "Anghel L, Manole C, Nechita A, et al.. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium abnormalities associated with COVID-19 infection, and beyond. Biomedicines. 2023, 11:46-8. 10.3390/biomedicines11092362", "volume": "11", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/hsr2.1311", "article-title": "Electrolyte abnormalities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients at tertiary referral centers in Tehran: hypermagnesemia as a marker of fatality: a retrospective cross-sectional study", "author": "Mardani S", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Health Sci Rep", "key": "ref52", "unstructured": "Mardani S, Hakamifard A, Aghazadeh Sarhangipour K, Mardani M. Electrolyte abnormalities in hospitalized COVID-19 patients at tertiary referral centers in Tehran: hypermagnesemia as a marker of fatality: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep. 2023, 6:e1311. 10.1002/hsr2.1311", "volume": "6", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/nu15092016", "article-title": "Admission serum magnesium levels is associated with short and long-term clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "author": "Segev A", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Nutrients", "key": "ref53", "unstructured": "Segev A, Sagir A, Matetzky S, Segev A, Atar S, Shechter M. Admission serum magnesium levels is associated with short and long-term clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Nutrients. 2023, 15:18-9. 10.3390/nu15092016", "volume": "15", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.4149/BLL_2023_071", "article-title": "Effect of serum magnesium levels on outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "author": "Dana N", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Bratisl Lek Listy", "key": "ref54", "unstructured": "Dana N, Vaseghi G, Nasirian M, Laher I, MantEghinejad A, Mosayebi A, Javanmard SH. Effect of serum magnesium levels on outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2023, 124:466-70. 10.4149/BLL_2023_071", "volume": "124", "year": "2023" } ], "reference-count": 54, "references-count": 54, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://www.cureus.com/articles/323545-the-impact-of-low-serum-magnesium-levels-on-covid-19-severity-and-potential-therapeutic-benefits-of-magnesium-supplementation-a-systematic-review" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "The Impact of Low Serum Magnesium Levels on COVID-19 Severity and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Magnesium Supplementation: A Systematic Review", "type": "journal-article" }
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit