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Potential of diterpenoid andrographolide in COVID-19 therapy: an insight on its antiviral-, immunomodulatory-, anti-inflammatory-, antioxidant- and antithrombotic- properties

Dinda et al., Phytomedicine Plus, doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100850, Jul 2025
https://c19early.org/dinda2.html
Review of andrographolide's potential for COVID-19, examining its antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties. Authors describe how andrographolide, a diterpenoid from Andrographis paniculata, effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication at low micromolar concentrations in various cell lines including human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells. The compound works primarily at post-entry stages of viral infection and is effective against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants including Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. Mechanistically, andrographolide covalently binds to Cys145 of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), inhibits host ACE2 receptor expression, and restores glutathione levels in infected cells by promoting Nrf2 activation. Authors highlight potent anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of NF-κB signaling, minimizing cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Limitations include poor water solubility and bioavailability, which researchers are addressing through nanoformulations and sulfonated derivatives such as Xiyanping injection.
Reviews covering andrographolide for COVID-19 include1-3.
Dinda et al., 26 Jul 2025, peer-reviewed, 4 authors. Contact: dindabtu@gmail.com.
Potential of diterpenoid andrographolide in COVID-19 therapy: an insight on its antiviral-, immunomodulatory-, anti-inflammatory-, antioxidant- and antithrombotic- properties
Biswanath Dinda, Manikarna Dinda, Subhajit Dinda, Bishu Karmakar
Phytomedicine Plus, doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100850
Andrographolide (Andro) in vitro inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication at low micromolar concentrations in different cell lines. • Andro inhibits activity of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV main proteases through covalent linkages. • Andro through covalent modification of Cys62 in p50 inhibits the transcriptional activity of NF-κB in inflammation. • Andro targets p38 MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 axis in suppression of viral infection and inflammation. • Andro prevents PAF
Adverse events of Andro sulphonates in clinical trials Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interest. Declaration of interests ☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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