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All Studies   Meta Analysis       

Real-World Effectiveness of Sotrovimab for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: Evidence from the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)

Bell et al., Clinical Drug Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40261-024-01344-4
Feb 2024  
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Death/hospitalization 24% Improvement Relative Risk Hospitalization 21% Sotrovimab for COVID-19  Bell et al.  EARLY TREATMENT Is early treatment with sotrovimab beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective 546,317 patients in the USA (September 2021 - April 2022) Lower death/hosp. (p=0.00013) and hospitalization (p=0.0011) c19early.org Bell et al., Clinical Drug Investigation, Feb 2024 Favorssotrovimab Favorscontrol 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+
Sotrovimab for COVID-19
41st treatment shown to reduce risk in May 2023, now with p = 0.002 from 25 studies, recognized in 38 countries. Efficacy is variant dependent.
Lower risk for mortality, ICU, and hospitalization.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 112 treatments. c19early.org
N3C retrospective 4,992 high-risk outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 showing reduced risk of hospitalization or death with sotrovimab treatment compared to 541,325 untreated controls during periods of Delta and Omicron BA.2 variant predominance in the US (September 2021-April 2022).
Confounding by treatment propensity. This study analyzes a population where only a fraction of eligible patients received the treatment. Patients receiving treatment may be more likely to follow other recommendations, more likely to receive additional care, and more likely to use additional treatments that are not tracked in the data (e.g., nasal/oral hygiene1,2, vitamin D3, etc.) — either because the physician recommending sotrovimab also recommended them, or because the patient seeking out sotrovimab is more likely to be familiar with the efficacy of additional treatments and more likely to take the time to use them. Therefore, these kind of studies may overestimate the efficacy of treatments.
Efficacy is variant dependent. In Vitro studies predict lower efficacy for BA.14-6, BA.4, BA.57, XBB.1.9.3, XBB.1.5.24, XBB.2.9, CH.1.18, and no efficacy for BA.29, XBB, XBB.1.5, ХВВ.1.9.110, XBB.1.16, BQ.1.1.45, and CL.18. US EUA has been revoked.
risk of death/hospitalization, 24.2% lower, RR 0.76, p < 0.001, NNT 107, odds ratio converted to relative risk, propensity score weighting, day 29.
risk of hospitalization, 21.3% lower, RR 0.79, p = 0.001, NNT 121, odds ratio converted to relative risk, propensity score weighting, day 29.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Bell et al., 20 Feb 2024, retrospective, USA, peer-reviewed, 12 authors, study period 27 September, 2021 - 30 April, 2022.
This PaperSotrovimabAll
Real-World Effectiveness of Sotrovimab for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: Evidence from the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)
Christopher F Bell, Priyanka Bobbili, Raj Desai, Daniel C Gibbons, Myriam Drysdale, Maral Dersarkissian, Vishal Patel, Helen J Birch, Emily J Lloyd, Adina Zhang, Mei Sheng Duh
Clinical Drug Investigation, doi:10.1007/s40261-024-01344-4
Background and Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been an unprecedented healthcare crisis, one that threatened to overwhelm health systems and prompted an urgent need for early treatment options for patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 at high risk for progression to severe disease. Randomised clinical trials established the safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) early in the pandemic; in vitro data subsequently led to use of the mAbs being discontinued, without clear evidence on how these data were linked to outcomes. In this study, we describe and compare real-world outcomes for patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19 treated with sotrovimab versus untreated patients. Methods Electronic health records from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) were used to identify US patients (aged ≥ 12 years) diagnosed with COVID-19 (positive test or ICD-10: U07.1) in an ambulatory setting (27 September 2021-30 April 2022) who met Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) high-risk criteria. Patients receiving the mAb sotrovimab within 10 days of diagnosis were assigned to the sotrovimab cohort, with the day of infusion as the index date. Untreated patients (no evidence of early mAb treatment, prophylactic mAb or oral antiviral treatment) were assigned to the untreated cohort, with an imputed index date based on the time distribution between diagnosis and sotrovimab infusion in the sotrovimab cohort. The primary endpoint was hospitalisation or death (both all-cause) within 29 days of index, reported as descriptive rate and adjusted [via inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)] odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Of nearly 2.9 million patients diagnosed with COVID-19 during the analysis period, 4992 met the criteria for the sotrovimab cohort, and 541,325 were included in the untreated cohort. Before weighting, significant differences were noted between the cohorts; for example, patients in the sotrovimab cohort were older (60 years versus 54 years), were more likely to be white (85% versus 75%) and met more EUA criteria (mean 3.1 versus 2.2) versus the untreated cohort. The proportions of patients with 29-day hospitalisation or death were 3.5% (176/4992) and 4.5% (24,163/541,325) in the sotrovimab and untreated cohorts, respectively (unadjusted OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.91; p = 0.001). In adjusted analysis, sotrovimab was associated with a 25% reduction in the odds of hospitalisation or death compared with the untreated cohort (IPTW-adjusted OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.92; p = 0.005). Conclusions Sotrovimab demonstrated clinical effectiveness in preventing severe outcomes (hospitalisation, mortality) in the period 27 September 2021-30 April 2022, which included Delta and Omicron BA.1 variants and an early surge of Omicron BA.2 variant.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s40261-024-01344-4. Acknowledgements The analyses described in this publication were conducted with data or tools accessed through the NCATS N3C Data Enclave covid.cd2h.org/enclave and supported by NCATS U24 TR002306. This research was possible because of the patients whose information is included within the data from participating organisations (covid.cd2h.org/dtas) and the organisations and scientists (covid. cd2h.org/duas) who have contributed to the ongoing development of this community resource [39] . Editorial support (in the form of writing assistance, including preparation of the draft manuscript under the direction and guidance of the authors, collating and incorporating authors' comments for each draft, assembling tables, grammatical editing and referencing) was provided by Tony Reardon of Luna, OPEN Health Communications, in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP) guidelines (www. ismpp. org/ gpp-2022). The support was funded by GSK and Vir Biotechnology, Inc. Declarations Funding This study was funded by GSK (study number 219020) and Vir Biotechnology, Inc. Authorship All named authors take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole and have given their approval for this version to be published. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National..
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' '2014;514(7524):642–5.', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'issue': '7815', 'key': '1344_CR21', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '290', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-020-2349-y', 'volume': '583', 'author': 'D Pinto', 'year': '2020', 'unstructured': 'Pinto D, Park YJ, Beltramello M, et al. Cross-neutralization of ' 'SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody. Nature. ' '2020;583(7815):290–5.', 'journal-title': 'Nature'}, { 'key': '1344_CR22', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Cathcart AL, Havenar-Daughton C, Lempp FA, et al. The dual function ' 'monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro ' 'and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv. 2022. Available from: ' 'https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.09.434607. Accessed 6 March 2023.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2021.03.09.434607'}, { 'key': '1344_CR23', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, et al; COMET-ICE Investigators. ' 'Early treatment for COVID-19 with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody ' 'sotrovimab. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(21):1941–50.', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMoa2107934'}, { 'issue': '6620', 'key': '1344_CR24', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '619', 'DOI': '10.1126/science.adc9127', 'volume': '378', 'author': 'YJ Park', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Park YJ, Pinto D, Walls AC, et al. Imprinted antibody responses against ' 'SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages. Science. 2022;378(6620):619–27.', 'journal-title': 'Science'}, { 'issue': '4', 'key': '1344_CR25', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1128/spectrum.00926-22', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'K Tao', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Tao K, Tzou PL, Kosakovsky SL, et al. Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 ' 'omicron variants to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: systematic review ' 'and meta-analysis. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(4): e0092622.', 'journal-title': 'Microbiol Spectr.'}, { 'key': '1344_CR26', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Walker J, Schnell G, Kerr W. Antiviral agents against Omicron subvariant ' 'BA.4.6 in vitro. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:e12.', 'DOI': '10.1056/NEJMc2216611'}, { 'issue': '1', 'key': '1344_CR27', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '3824', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-022-31615-7', 'volume': '13', 'author': 'JB Case', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Case JB, Mackin S, Errico JM, et al. Resilience of S309 and AZD7442 ' 'monoclonal antibody treatments against infection by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron ' 'lineage strains. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):3824.', 'journal-title': 'Nat Commun'}, { 'key': '1344_CR28', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Uraki R, Kiso M, Iida S, et al. Characterization and antiviral ' 'susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2. Nature. ' '2022;607(7917):119–27.', 'DOI': '10.1038/s41586-022-04856-1'}, { 'key': '1344_CR29', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Addetia A, Piccoli L, Case JB, et al. Therapeutic and vaccine-induced ' 'cross-reactive antibodies with effector function against emerging ' 'Omicron variants. bioRxiv. 2023. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.17.523798. Preprint. Accessed 3 October ' '2023.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2023.01.17.523798'}, { 'issue': '6', 'key': '1344_CR30', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1002/rmv.2402', 'volume': '32', 'author': 'B Amani', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Amani B, Amani B. Efficacy and safety of sotrovimab in patients with ' 'COVID-19: a rapid review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2022;32(6): ' 'e2402.', 'journal-title': 'Rev Med Virol'}, { 'issue': '2', 'key': '1344_CR31', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '607', 'DOI': '10.1007/s40121-022-00755-0', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'MM Cheng', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Cheng MM, Reyes C, Satram S, et al. Real-world effectiveness of ' 'sotrovimab for the early treatment of COVID-19 during SARS-CoV-2 Delta ' 'and Omicron waves in the United States. Infect Dis Ther. ' '2023;12(2):607–21.', 'journal-title': 'Infect Dis Ther'}, { 'key': '1344_CR32', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Drysdale M, Gibbons DC, Singh M, et al. Real-world effectiveness of ' 'sotrovimab for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection during Omicron BA.2 ' 'subvariant predominance: a systematic literature review. medRxiv. 2023. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.09.23287034. 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Characteristics and outcomes of ' 'COVID-19 patients presumed to be treated with sotrovimab in NHS ' 'hospitals in England. medRxiv. 2023. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.08.23285654. Accessed 6 March 2023.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2023.02.08.23285654'}, { 'key': '1344_CR36', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Young-Xu Y, Korves C, Zwain G, et al. Effectiveness of sotrovimab in ' 'preventing COVID-19-related hospitalizations or deaths among US ' 'veterans. medRxiv. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.30.22284063. ' 'Accessed 21 March 2023.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2022.12.30.22284063'}, { 'key': '1344_CR37', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'DOI': '10.1136/bmj-2022-071932', 'volume': '379', 'author': 'B Zheng', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Zheng B, Green ACA, Tazare J, et al. Comparative effectiveness of ' 'sotrovimab and molnupiravir for prevention of severe COVID-19 outcomes ' 'in patients in the community: observational cohort study with the ' 'OpenSAFELY platform. BMJ. 2022;379: e071932.', 'journal-title': 'BMJ'}, { 'key': '1344_CR38', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1414', 'DOI': '10.1200/JCO.21.02419', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Q Song', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Song Q, Bates B, Shao YR, et al. Risk and outcome of breakthrough ' 'COVID-19 infections in vaccinated patients with cancer: real-world ' 'evidence from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative. J Clin Oncol. ' '2022;40:1414–27.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Oncol'}, { 'key': '1344_CR39', 'unstructured': 'Bennett TD, Moffitt RA, Hajagos JG, et al; National COVID Cohort ' 'Collaborative (N3C) Consortium. Clinical characterization and prediction ' 'of clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection among US adults using data ' 'from the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative. JAMA Netw Open. ' '2021;4(7):e2116901.'}, { 'key': '1344_CR40', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '427', 'DOI': '10.1093/jamia/ocaa196', 'volume': '28', 'author': 'MA Haendel', 'year': '2021', 'unstructured': 'Haendel MA, Chute CG, Bennett TD, et al. The National COVID Cohort ' 'Collaborative (N3C): rationale, design, infrastructure, and deployment. ' 'J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021;28:427–43.', 'journal-title': 'J Am Med Inform Assoc'}, { 'key': '1344_CR41', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'Bennett TD, Moffitt RA, Hajagos JG, et al; National COVID Cohort ' 'Collaborative (N3C) Consortium. The National COVID Cohort Collaborative: ' 'clinical characterization and early severity prediction. medRxiv. 2021. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.12.21249511. Preprint. Accessed 3 ' 'October 2023.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2021.01.12.21249511'}, { 'key': '1344_CR42', 'unstructured': 'National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). Available from: ' 'https://github.com/National-COVID-Cohort-Collaborative. Accessed 9 June ' '2023.'}, { 'key': '1344_CR43', 'unstructured': 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID Data Tracker, Nowcast. ' 'Available from: ' 'https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home. Accessed 6 ' 'March 2023.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '1344_CR44', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '761', 'DOI': '10.1093/aje/kwq439', 'volume': '173', 'author': 'MJ Funk', 'year': '2011', 'unstructured': 'Funk MJ, Westreich D, Wiesen C, et al. Doubly robust estimation of ' 'causal effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(7):761–7.', 'journal-title': 'Am J Epidemiol'}, { 'key': '1344_CR45', 'unstructured': 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Underlying medical ' 'conditions associated with higher risk for severe COVID-19: information ' 'for healthcare professionals. Available from: ' 'https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html. ' 'Accessed 10 May 2023.'}, { 'issue': '7', 'key': '1344_CR46', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '1239', 'DOI': '10.1093/cid/ciac186', 'volume': '75', 'author': 'BD Pollock', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Pollock BD, Storlie CB, Tande AJ, Sampathkumar P. Real-world incidence ' 'of breakthrough coronavirus disease 2019 hospitalization after ' 'vaccination vs natural infection in a large, local, empaneled primary ' 'care population using time-to-event analysis. Clin Infect Dis. ' '2022;75(7):1239–41.', 'journal-title': 'Clin Infect Dis'}, { 'issue': '39', 'key': '1344_CR47', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '5916', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.028', 'volume': '36', 'author': 'MG Thompson', 'year': '2018', 'unstructured': 'Thompson MG, Pierse N, Huand S, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness ' 'in preventing influenza-associated intensive care admissions and ' 'attenuating severe disease among adults in New Zealand 2012–2015. ' 'Vaccine. 2018;36(39):5916–25.', 'journal-title': 'Vaccine'}, { 'key': '1344_CR48', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Birk NK, Jain S, Massoud L, et al. Real-world experience of sotrovimab ' 'in high-risk, immunocompromised COVID-19 patients. Open Forum Infect Dis ' '2022;9:ofac282.', 'DOI': '10.1093/ofid/ofac282'}, { 'key': '1344_CR49', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '864', 'DOI': '10.3390/jcm12030864', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'J Calderón-Parra', 'year': '2023', 'unstructured': 'Calderón-Parra J, Guisado-Vasco P, Montejano-Sánchez R, et al. Use of ' 'monoclonal antibodies in immunocompromised patients hospitalized with ' 'severe COVID-19: a retrospective multicenter cohort. J Clin Med. ' '2023;12:864.', 'journal-title': 'J Clin Med'}, { 'key': '1344_CR50', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '2129', 'DOI': '10.1093/infdis/jiac206', 'volume': '226', 'author': 'NR Aggarwal', 'year': '2022', 'unstructured': 'Aggarwal NR, Beaty LE, Bennett TD, et al. Real-world evidence of the ' 'neutralizing monoclonal antibody sotrovimab for preventing ' 'hospitalization and mortality in COVID-19 outpatients. J Infect Dis. ' '2022;226:2129–36.', 'journal-title': 'J Infect Dis'}, { 'key': '1344_CR51', 'unstructured': 'US Department of Health & Human Services. State/territory-coordinated ' 'distribution of sotrovimab. 17 December 2021. Available from: ' 'https://aspr.hhs.gov/COVID-19/Therapeutics/updates/Pages/important-update-17December2021.aspx. ' 'Accessed 10 May 2023.'}, { 'key': '1344_CR52', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'unstructured': 'Aggarwal NR, Beaty LE, Bennett TD, et al. Change in effectiveness of ' 'sotrovimab for preventing hospitalization and mortality for at-risk ' 'COVID-19 outpatients during an Omicron BA.1 and BA.1.1-predominant ' 'phase. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;128:310–7.', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.002'}, { 'key': '1344_CR53', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'unstructured': 'The OpenSAFELY Collaborative, Tazare J, Nab L, et al. Effectiveness of ' 'sotrovimab and molnupiravir in community settings in England across the ' 'Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages: emulated target trials using the ' 'OpenSAFELY platform. medRxiv. 2023. ' 'https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.12.23289914. Preprint. Accessed 3 ' 'October 2023.', 'DOI': '10.1101/2023.05.12.23289914'}, { 'key': '1344_CR54', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization. Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the IHR ' '(2005) Emergency Committee on the COVID-19 pandemic. 2023. Available ' 'from: ' 'https://www.who.int/news/item/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic. ' 'Accessed 6 December 2023.'}], 'container-title': 'Clinical Drug Investigation', 'original-title': [], 'language': 'en', 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40261-024-01344-4.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40261-024-01344-4/fulltext.html', 'content-type': 'text/html', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40261-024-01344-4.pdf', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 20]], 'date-time': '2024-02-20T20:09:00Z', 'timestamp': 1708459740000}, 'score': 1, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40261-024-01344-4'}}, 'subtitle': [], 'short-title': [], 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 20]]}, 'references-count': 54, 'alternative-id': ['1344'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40261-024-01344-4', 'relation': {}, 'ISSN': ['1173-2563', '1179-1918'], 'subject': ['Pharmacology (medical)', 'General Medicine'], 'container-title-short': 'Clin Drug Investig', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2024, 2, 20]]}, 'assertion': [ { 'value': '17 January 2024', 'order': 1, 'name': 'accepted', 'label': 'Accepted', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, { 'value': '20 February 2024', 'order': 2, 'name': 'first_online', 'label': 'First Online', 'group': {'name': 'ArticleHistory', 'label': 'Article History'}}, {'order': 1, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Declarations'}}, { 'value': 'This study was funded by GSK (study number 219020) and Vir Biotechnology, Inc.', 'order': 2, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Funding'}}, { 'value': 'All named authors take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole ' 'and have given their approval for this version to be published. The content is ' 'solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the ' 'official views of the National Institutes of Health.', 'order': 3, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Authorship'}}, { 'value': 'All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that ' 'was in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis ' 'and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or ' 'critically reviewing the manuscript; gave final approval of the version to be ' 'published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; ' 'and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.', 'order': 4, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Author Contributions'}}, { 'value': 'CFB, DCG, EJL, HJB, MD and VP (at time of study): employees of, and/or ' 'shareholders in, GSK. AZ, MDS, MSD, PB and RD: employees of Analysis Group, ' 'which received funding from GSK to conduct the study.', 'order': 5, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Conflict of Interest'}}, { 'value': 'This study complies with all applicable laws regarding subject privacy. No ' 'direct subject contact or primary collection of individual human subject data ' 'occurred. Study results were in tabular form, and aggregate analyses that omit ' 'subject identification, therefore, informed consent, ethics committee or ' 'institutional review board (IRB) were not required. However, use of the N3C ' 'Limited Dataset did require review and approval by WCG IRB (IRB study number: ' '1332048/IRB tracking number: 20222051). Any publications and reports do not ' 'include subject identifiers.', 'order': 6, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Ethics Approval'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable (see explanation in ‘Ethics approval’ section above).', 'order': 7, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent to Participate'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 8, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Consent for Publication'}}, { 'value': 'Data archiving is not mandated but will be made available upon reasonable ' 'request.', 'order': 9, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Availability of Data and Material'}}, { 'value': 'Not applicable.', 'order': 10, 'name': 'Ethics', 'group': {'name': 'EthicsHeading', 'label': 'Code Availability'}}]}
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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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