COVID-19 Mortality in Europe, by Latitude and Obesity Status: A Geo-Spatial Analysis in 40 Countries

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/nu14030471", "ISSN": [ "2072-6643" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030471", "abstract": "<jats:p>On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health emergency of international concern and later characterized it as a pandemic. New data show that excess body mass and vitamin D deficiency might be related to the disease severity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether latitude, as a proxy of sunlight exposure and Vitamin D synthesis, and prevalent obesity among European populations, is related to COVID-19 spread and severity. European COVID-19 data (incidence and fatality), including information on the prevalence of obesity, social distancing, and others were obtained by the “Our World in Data” website on 17 April 2021. Adjusted analysis showed that higher COVID-19 incidence and fatality were pictured in countries being in higher latitude, both during the whole period, as well as, during the time period 1 November 2020–31 March 2021. Higher incidence and fatality of COVID-19 were observed where the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher during the whole time period, whereas during the time period 1 November 2020–31 March 2021, only COVID-19 incidence was higher but not a fatality. The present results provide insights for targeted interventions and preventive strategies against COVID-19.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "nu14030471" ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4797-7743", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece" }, { "name": "Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain" }, { "name": "Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain" }, { "name": "School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon GH506, Hong Kong" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Tyrovolas", "given": "Stefanos", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-460X", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Tsiampalis", "given": "Thomas", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Environment, Geography, and Applied Economics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece" } ], "family": "Morena", "given": "Marianthi", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-1925", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon GH506, Hong Kong" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Leung", "given": "Angela Y. M.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7552-0359", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Environment, Geography, and Applied Economics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Faka", "given": "Antigoni", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Environment, Geography, and Applied Economics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece" } ], "family": "Chalkias", "given": "Christos", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0463-4321", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Tsiodras", "given": "Sotirios", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-153X", "affiliation": [ { "name": "School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Panagiotakos", "given": "Dimosthenes", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Nutrients", "container-title-short": "Nutrients", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 23 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-23T20:34:40Z", "timestamp": 1642970080000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 7, 24 ] ], "date-time": "2024-07-24T19:46:32Z", "timestamp": 1721850392000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2024, 7, 28 ] ], "date-time": "2024-07-28T05:16:24Z", "timestamp": 1722143784671 }, "is-referenced-by-count": 5, "issue": "3", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 21 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "3", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 2 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 21 ] ], "date-time": "2022-01-21T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1642723200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/471/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "471", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 21 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2022, 1, 21 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "key": "ref_1", "unstructured": "(2020, April 11). 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