COVID-19 Mortality in Europe, by Latitude and Obesity Status: A Geo-Spatial Analysis in 40 Countries
Stefanos Tyrovolas, Thomas Tsiampalis, Marianthi Morena, Angela Y M Leung, Antigoni Faka, Christos Chalkias, Sotirios Tsiodras, Dimosthenes Panagiotakos
Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu14030471
the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health emergency of international concern and later characterized it as a pandemic. New data show that excess body mass and vitamin D deficiency might be related to the disease severity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether latitude, as a proxy of sunlight exposure and Vitamin D synthesis, and prevalent obesity among European populations, is related to COVID-19 spread and severity. European COVID-19 data (incidence and fatality), including information on the prevalence of obesity, social distancing, and others were obtained by the "Our World in Data" website on 17 April 2021. Adjusted analysis showed that higher COVID-19 incidence and fatality were pictured in countries being in higher latitude, both during the whole period, as well as, during the time period 1 November 2020-31 March 2021. Higher incidence and fatality of COVID-19 were observed where the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher during the whole time period, whereas during the time period 1 November 2020-31 March 2021, only COVID-19 incidence was higher but not a fatality. The present results provide insights for targeted interventions and preventive strategies against COVID-19.
Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Institutional Review Board Statement: The current paper is part of the approved study by Parc Sanitari's Sant Joan de Deu, Ethics Committee (PIC-67-20, Barcelona, Spain) and complies with the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current novel '
'coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health emergency of international concern and '
'later characterized it as a pandemic. New data show that excess body mass and vitamin D '
'deficiency might be related to the disease severity and mortality. The aim of this study was '
'to evaluate whether latitude, as a proxy of sunlight exposure and Vitamin D synthesis, and '
'prevalent obesity among European populations, is related to COVID-19 spread and severity. '
'European COVID-19 data (incidence and fatality), including information on the prevalence of '
'obesity, social distancing, and others were obtained by the “Our World in Data” website on 17 '
'April 2021. Adjusted analysis showed that higher COVID-19 incidence and fatality were '
'pictured in countries being in higher latitude, both during the whole period, as well as, '
'during the time period 1 November 2020–31 March 2021. Higher incidence and fatality of '
'COVID-19 were observed where the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher during the whole '
'time period, whereas during the time period 1 November 2020–31 March 2021, only COVID-19 '
'incidence was higher but not a fatality. The present results provide insights for targeted '
'interventions and preventive strategies against COVID-19.</jats:p>',
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'subject': [],
'container-title-short': 'Nutrients',
'published': {'date-parts': [[2022, 1, 21]]}}
