Potential of Artemisia annua Bioactives as Antiviral Agents Against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Health Complications

DOI record: { "DOI": "10.3390/ph18121904", "ISSN": [ "1424-8247" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph18121904", "abstract": "<jats:p>This review highlights Artemisia annua, a medicinal plant which grows in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, known for its abundant therapeutic properties. A. annua serves as a rich source of various bioactive compounds, including sesquiterpenoid lactones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and coumarins. Among these, artemisinin and its derivatives are most extensively studied due to their potent antimalarial properties. Extracts and isolates of A. annua have demonstrated a range of therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antiviral properties. Given its significant antiviral activity, A. annua could be investigated for the development of new nutraceutical bioactive compounds to combat SARS-CoV-2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can assist in drug discovery by optimizing the selection of more effective and safer natural bioactives, including artemisinin. It can also predict potential clinical outcomes through in silico modeling of protein–ligand interactions. In silico studies have reported that artemisinin and its derivatives possess a strong ability to bind with the Lys353 and Lys31 hotspots of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrating their effective antiviral effects against COVID-19. This integrated approach may accelerate the identification of effective and safer natural antiviral agents against COVID-19.</jats:p>", "alternative-id": [ "ph18121904" ], "author": [ { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7848-2906", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia" }, { "name": "Department of Chemistry, Al-Leith University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Shaer", "given": "Nehad A.", "sequence": "first" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4903-547X", "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia" }, { "name": "Department of Chemistry, Al-Leith University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia" } ], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Mohamed", "given": "Amal A.", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [ { "name": "Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany" } ], "family": "Schnug", "given": "Ewald", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "Pharmaceuticals", "container-title-short": "Pharmaceuticals", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12, 17 ] ], "date-time": "2025-12-17T15:53:46Z", "timestamp": 1765986826000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12, 17 ] ], "date-time": "2025-12-17T15:57:40Z", "timestamp": 1765987060000 }, "funder": [ { "award": [ "25UQU4361052GSSR01" ], "award-info": [ { "award-number": [ "25UQU4361052GSSR01" ] } ], "name": "the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia" } ], "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12, 17 ] ], "date-time": "2025-12-17T16:01:43Z", "timestamp": 1765987303349, "version": "3.48.0" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "12", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12, 17 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "12", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12, 17 ] ], "date-time": "2025-12-17T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1765929600000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/12/1904/pdf", "content-type": "unspecified", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "1968", "original-title": [], "page": "1904", "prefix": "10.3390", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12, 17 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2025, 12, 17 ] ] }, "publisher": "MDPI AG", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1038/nrd4510", "article-title": "The re-emergence of natural products for drug discovery in the genomics era", "author": "Harvey", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "111", "journal-title": "Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.", "key": "ref_1", "volume": "14", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.020", "article-title": "A review on ethno-medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia", "author": "Ullah", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2706", "journal-title": "Saudi J. Biol. Sci.", "key": "ref_2", "volume": "27", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v16030320", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_3", "unstructured": "Al-Jamal, H., Idriss, S., Roufayel, R., Abi Khattar, Z., Fajloun, Z., and Sabatier, J.M. (2024). Treating COVID-19 with medicinal plants: Is it even conceivable? A comprehensive review. Viruses, 16." }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.6873", "article-title": "Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies", "author": "Boozari", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "864", "journal-title": "Phytother. Res.", "key": "ref_4", "volume": "35", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ije/dyaa033", "article-title": "The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: What lessons have we learned?", "author": "Peeri", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "717", "journal-title": "Int. J. Epidemiol.", "key": "ref_5", "volume": "49", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Biology and molecular basis of the pathogenesis and control of Corona viruses with a focus of the COVID-19: Mini Review", "author": "Titanji", "first-page": "483", "journal-title": "J. Camero. Acad. Sci.", "key": "ref_6", "volume": "18", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2021.638334", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_7", "unstructured": "Kanimozhi, G., Pradhapsingh, B., Singh Pawar, C., Khan, H.A., Alrokayan, S.H., and Prasad, N.R. (2021). SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, molecular targets and experimental models. Front. Pharmacol., 12." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104502", "article-title": "From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses", "author": "Kirtipal", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "104502", "journal-title": "Infect. Genet. Evol.", "key": "ref_8", "volume": "85", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6", "article-title": "Coronavirus biology and replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Kratzel", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "155", "journal-title": "Nat. Rev. Microbiol.", "key": "ref_9", "volume": "19", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.022", "article-title": "A multibasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection of human lung cells", "author": "Hoffmann", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "779", "journal-title": "Mol. Cell", "key": "ref_10", "volume": "78", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Assessment of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of Boswellia carteri resin", "author": "Mohamed", "first-page": "502", "journal-title": "Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res.", "key": "ref_11", "volume": "7", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00410.8", "article-title": "Effect of solvents extraction on HPLC profile of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and anticoagulant properties of Origanum vulgare", "author": "Mohamed", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2009", "journal-title": "Res. J. Pharm. Technol.", "key": "ref_12", "volume": "9", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s10600-017-2182-1", "article-title": "Chemical constituents of Nitraria retusa grown in Egypt", "author": "Barbhan", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "994", "journal-title": "Chem. Nat. Compd.", "key": "ref_13", "volume": "53", "year": "2017" }, { "article-title": "Bioactive Ingredients and Anti-influenza (H5N1), Anticancer, and Antioxidant Properties of Urtica urens L.", "author": "Gaafar", "first-page": "647", "journal-title": "Jordan J. Biol. Sci.", "key": "ref_14", "volume": "13", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.sajb.2024.08.024", "article-title": "Salvia multicaulis X Salvia officinalis hybridization: Changes in the phenolic and essential oil profiles, gene expression and biological activity under Saint Catherine conditions—Egypt", "author": "Ali", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "184", "journal-title": "S. Afr. J. Bot.", "key": "ref_15", "volume": "173", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.4172/2168-9652.1000220", "article-title": "Antiviral phytochemicals: An overview", "author": "Kapoor", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "220", "journal-title": "Biochem. Physiol.", "key": "ref_16", "volume": "6", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.3906/bot-1209-56", "article-title": "Floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of wadi Al-Noman, Mecca, Saudi Arabia", "author": "Khalik", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "894", "journal-title": "Turk. J. Bot.", "key": "ref_17", "volume": "37", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.02.001", "article-title": "Floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of Wadi Arar: A typical desert Wadi of the Northern Border region of Saudi Arabia", "author": "Osman", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "554", "journal-title": "Saudi J. Biol. Sci.", "key": "ref_18", "volume": "21", "year": "2014" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms232113564", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_19", "unstructured": "Jamal, Q.M.S. (2022). Antiviral potential of plants against COVID-19 during outbreaks—An update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23." }, { "article-title": "Antiviral activity of natural products and herbal extracts", "first-page": "474", "journal-title": "Gazi Med. J.", "key": "ref_20", "volume": "31", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-017-04203-9", "article-title": "Targeting coronaviral replication and cellular JAK2 mediated dominant NF-κB activation for comprehensive and ultimate inhibition of coronaviral activity", "author": "Yang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "4105", "journal-title": "Sci. Rep.", "key": "ref_21", "volume": "7", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1055/s-2003-37979", "article-title": "Palynological features as a systematic marker in Artemisia L. and related genera (Asteraceae, Anthemideae)—II: Implications for subtribe Artemisiinae Delimitation", "author": "Torrell", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "85", "journal-title": "Plant Biol.", "key": "ref_22", "volume": "5", "year": "2003" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s13596-021-00576-5", "article-title": "Artemisia and Artemisia-based products for COVID-19 management: Current state and future perspective", "author": "Orege", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "85", "journal-title": "Adv. Tradit. Med.", "key": "ref_23", "volume": "23", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.19082/3150", "article-title": "A systematic review of anti-malarial properties, immunosuppressive properties, anti-inflammatory properties, and anti-cancer properties of Artemisia annua", "author": "Alesaeidi", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3150", "journal-title": "Electron. Physician", "key": "ref_24", "volume": "8", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/14786419.2016.1207071", "article-title": "The genus Artemisia L. in the northern region of Saudi Arabia: Essential oil variability and antibacterial activities", "author": "Guetat", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "598", "journal-title": "Nat. Prod. Res.", "key": "ref_25", "volume": "31", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107650", "article-title": "Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Artemisia annua L.", "author": "Feng", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "107650", "journal-title": "Pharmacol. Ther.", "key": "ref_26", "volume": "216", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1055/a-1345-9528", "article-title": "Artemisia annua—Importance in traditional medicine and current state of knowledge on the chemistry, biological activity and possible applications", "author": "Ekiert", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "584", "journal-title": "Planta Med.", "key": "ref_27", "volume": "87", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/cbdv.201400340", "article-title": "Chemical composition and antipathogenic activity of Artemisia annua essential oil from Romania", "author": "Marinas", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1554", "journal-title": "Chem. Biodivers.", "key": "ref_28", "volume": "12", "year": "2015" }, { "article-title": "Anti-adipocyte differentiation activity and chemical composition of essential oil from Artemisia annua", "author": "Hwang", "first-page": "1934578X1601100430", "journal-title": "Nat. Prod. Commun.", "key": "ref_29", "volume": "11", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.033", "article-title": "Nutritional characterisation and antioxidant capacity of different tissues of Artemisia annua L.", "author": "Brisibe", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1240", "journal-title": "Food Chem.", "key": "ref_30", "volume": "115", "year": "2009" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126070", "article-title": "Phytochemical analysis and geographic assessment of flavonoids, coumarins and sesquiterpenes in Artemisia annua L. based on HPLC-DAD quantification and LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS confirmation", "author": "Fu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "126070", "journal-title": "Food Chem.", "key": "ref_31", "volume": "312", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules15053135", "article-title": "Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. as antioxidants and their potential synergism with artemisinin against malaria and cancer", "author": "Ferreira", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3135", "journal-title": "Molecules", "key": "ref_32", "volume": "15", "year": "2010" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.015", "article-title": "Phytochemical analysis of a herbal tea from Artemisia annua L. J. Pharm", "author": "Carbonara", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "79", "journal-title": "Biomed. Anal.", "key": "ref_33", "volume": "62", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.5626", "article-title": "Polyphenols from Artemisia annua L inhibit adhesion and EMT of highly metastatic breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231: Inhibitory effect of polyphenols on breast cancer invasion", "author": "Ko", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1180", "journal-title": "Phytother. Res.", "key": "ref_34", "volume": "30", "year": "2016" }, { "article-title": "Influence of Artemisia annua extract derivatives on proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells", "author": "Tang", "first-page": "773", "journal-title": "Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.", "key": "ref_35", "volume": "28", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms21144986", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_36", "unstructured": "Malaterre, A., Lalarizo Rakoto, M., Marodon, C., Bedoui, Y., Nakab, J., Simon, E., Hoarau, L., Savriama, S., Strasberg, D., and Guiraud, P. (2020). Artemisia annua, a traditional plant brought to light. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460785", "article-title": "Combination of molecular network and centrifugal partition chromatography fractionation for targeting and identifying Artemisia annua L. antioxidant compounds", "author": "Messaili", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "460785", "journal-title": "J. Chromatogr. A", "key": "ref_37", "volume": "1615", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.016", "article-title": "Toxic essential oils. Part II: Chemical, toxicological, pharmacological and microbiological profiles of Artemisia annua L. volatiles", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "37", "journal-title": "Food Chem. Toxicol.", "key": "ref_38", "volume": "58", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.2174/157340720904140404151439", "article-title": "Comparison of Artemisia annua bioactivities between traditional medicine and chemical extracts", "author": "Nageeb", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "324", "journal-title": "Curr. Bioact. Compd.", "key": "ref_39", "volume": "9", "year": "2013" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.195", "article-title": "Anti-inflammatory effect and modulation of cytochrome P450 activities by Artemisia annua tea infusions in human intestinal Caco-2 cells", "author": "Dupont", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "864", "journal-title": "Food Chem.", "key": "ref_40", "volume": "134", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.1.21", "article-title": "Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of artemisinin extracts from Artemisia annua L.", "author": "Kim", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "21", "journal-title": "Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol.", "key": "ref_41", "volume": "19", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s40064-016-3199-9", "article-title": "Anti-inflammatory and acetylcholinesterase activity of extract, fractions and five compounds isolated from the leaves and twigs of Artemisia annua growing in Cameroon", "author": "Chougouo", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1525", "journal-title": "SpringerPlus", "key": "ref_42", "volume": "5", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.taap.2015.04.005", "article-title": "Flavonoids casticin and chrysosplenol D from Artemisia annua L. inhibit inflammation in vitro and in vivo", "author": "Li", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "151", "journal-title": "Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.", "key": "ref_43", "volume": "286", "year": "2015" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/08923973.2016.1267744", "article-title": "Artemisinin inhibits inflammatory response via regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways", "author": "Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "28", "journal-title": "Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol.", "key": "ref_44", "volume": "39", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.3109/08923970902932954", "article-title": "Immunosuppressive effect of ethanol extract of Artemisia annua on specific antibody and cellular responses of mice against ovalbumin", "author": "Zhang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "625", "journal-title": "Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol.", "key": "ref_45", "volume": "31", "year": "2009" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.exppara.2019.02.011", "article-title": "The modulatory effect of Artemisia annua L. on toll-like receptor expression in Acanthamoeba infected mouse lungs", "author": "Derda", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "24", "journal-title": "Exp. Parasitol.", "key": "ref_46", "volume": "199", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11434-016-1105-z", "article-title": "Immunomodulation of artemisinin and its derivatives", "author": "Yao", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1399", "journal-title": "Sci. Bull.", "key": "ref_47", "volume": "61", "year": "2016" }, { "DOI": "10.1055/s-0043-118912", "article-title": "Liquid and vapor-phase activity of Artemisia annua essential oil against pathogenic Malassezia spp", "author": "Santomauro", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "160", "journal-title": "Planta Med.", "key": "ref_48", "volume": "84", "year": "2018" }, { "article-title": "Artemisia annua L. infusion consumed once a week reduces risk of multiple episodes of malaria: A randomised trial in a Ugandan community", "author": "Ogwang", "first-page": "445", "journal-title": "Trop. J. Pharm. Res.", "key": "ref_49", "volume": "11", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.4269/ajtmh.2004.70.128", "article-title": "Pharmacokinetic study of artemisinin after oral intake of a traditional preparation of artemisinin Annua L. (Annua Wormwood)", "author": "Taxis", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "128", "journal-title": "Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.", "key": "ref_50", "volume": "70", "year": "2004" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.006", "article-title": "Artemisia annua dried leaf tablets treated malaria resistant to ACT and iv artesunate", "author": "Daddy", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "37", "journal-title": "Phytomedicine", "key": "ref_51", "volume": "32", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.5372/1905-7415.0501.007", "article-title": "Antiviral activities of aerial subsets of Artemisia species against Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) in vitro", "author": "Karamoddini", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "63", "journal-title": "Asian Biomed.", "key": "ref_52", "volume": "5", "year": "2011" }, { "article-title": "Study on the antiviral activities of condensed tannin of Artemisia annua L.", "author": "Zhang", "first-page": "307", "journal-title": "Nat. Prod. Res. Dev.", "key": "ref_53", "volume": "16", "year": "2004" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.024", "article-title": "Ethnopharmacology in overdrive: The remarkable anti-HIV activity of Artemisia annua", "author": "Lubbe", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "854", "journal-title": "J. Ethnopharmacol.", "key": "ref_54", "volume": "141", "year": "2012" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.028", "article-title": "Antiviral activity of herbal extracts against the hepatitis A virus", "author": "Seo", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "9", "journal-title": "Food Control", "key": "ref_55", "volume": "72", "year": "2017" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.001", "article-title": "Beyond malaria: The inhibition of viruses by artemisinin-type compounds", "author": "Efferth", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1730", "journal-title": "Biotechnol. Adv.", "key": "ref_56", "volume": "36", "year": "2018" }, { "article-title": "Clinical observation on 103 patients of severe acute respiratory syndrome treated by integrative traditional Chinese and Western Medicine", "author": "Lin", "first-page": "409", "journal-title": "Chin. J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med.", "key": "ref_57", "volume": "23", "year": "2003" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.02.007", "article-title": "Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus", "author": "Li", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "18", "journal-title": "Antiviral Res.", "key": "ref_58", "volume": "67", "year": "2005" }, { "DOI": "10.1080/07391102.2020.1796809", "article-title": "Antimalarial-agent artemisinin and derivatives portray more potent binding to Lys353 and Lys31-binding hotspots of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein than hydroxychloroquine: Potential repurposing of artenimol for COVID-19", "author": "Sehailia", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "6184", "journal-title": "J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn.", "key": "ref_59", "volume": "39", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41598-021-93361-y", "article-title": "In vitro efficacy of artemisinin-based treatments against SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Zhou", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "14571", "journal-title": "Sci. Rep.", "key": "ref_60", "volume": "11", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jep.2021.114797", "article-title": "Artemisia annua L. hot-water extracts show potent activity in vitro against COVID-19 variants including delta", "author": "Nair", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "114797", "journal-title": "J. Ethnopharmacol.", "key": "ref_61", "volume": "284", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12985-021-01651-8", "article-title": "In vitro efficacy of Artemisia extracts against SARS-CoV-2", "author": "Nie", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "182", "journal-title": "Virol. J.", "key": "ref_62", "volume": "18", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fcimb.2021.680127", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_63", "unstructured": "Hu, Y., Liu, M., Qin, H., Lin, H., An, X., Shi, Z., Song, L., Yang, X., Fan, H., and Tong, Y. (2021). Artemether, artesunate, arteannuin B, echinatin, licochalcone B and andrographolide effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses in vitro. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11." }, { "DOI": "10.1021/acsptsci.0c00222", "article-title": "Repurposing quinoline and artemisinin antimalarials as therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2: Rationale and implications", "author": "Firestone", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "613", "journal-title": "ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci.", "key": "ref_64", "volume": "4", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fpls.2022.780257", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_65", "unstructured": "Farmanpour-Kalalagh, K., Beyraghdar Kashkooli, A., Babaei, A., Rezaei, A., and Van Der Krol, A.R. (2022). Artemisinins in combating viral infections like SARS-CoV-2, inflammation and cancers and options to meet increased global demand. Front. Plant Sci., 13." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.joim.2021.07.003", "article-title": "An overview of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties of Artemisia annua, its antiviral action, protein-associated mechanisms, and repurposing for COVID-19 treatment", "author": "Fuzimoto", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "375", "journal-title": "J. Integr. Med.", "key": "ref_66", "volume": "19", "year": "2021" }, { "article-title": "Efficacy and safety of antimalarial as repurposing drug for COVID-19 following retraction of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine", "author": "Latarissa", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "Clin. Pharmacol. Adv. Appl.", "key": "ref_67", "volume": "17", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106216", "article-title": "Safety and efficacy of artemisinin-piperaquine for treatment of COVID-19: An open-label, non-randomised and controlled trial", "author": "Li", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "106216", "journal-title": "Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents", "key": "ref_68", "volume": "57", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0322835", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_69", "unstructured": "Xu, F., Shan, X., Li, J., Li, J., Yuan, J., Zou, D., and Wang, M. (2025). The plant matrix of Artemisia annua L. for the treatment of malaria: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. PLoS ONE, 20." }, { "DOI": "10.55121/fds.v2i1.421", "article-title": "Artemisia annua: Illuminating the spectrum of pharmacological wonders", "author": "Sangeetha", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "40", "journal-title": "Food Drug Saf.", "key": "ref_70", "volume": "2", "year": "2025" }, { "key": "ref_71", "unstructured": "Yuliana, Y. (2023, January 16–19). The possible role of annual mugwort (Artemisia Annua) in arthritis. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Medical Sciences and Health, Antalya, Turkey. No. 1." }, { "DOI": "10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1250_24", "article-title": "Unlocking the therapeutic benefits of Artemisia Annua: A comprehensive overview of its medicinal properties", "author": "Swamikannu", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "S4248", "journal-title": "J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci.", "key": "ref_72", "volume": "16", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.37796/2211-8039.1603", "article-title": "Integrating natural product research laboratory with artificial intelligence: Advancements and breakthroughs in traditional medicine", "author": "Yang", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "1", "journal-title": "BioMedicine", "key": "ref_73", "volume": "14", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.2139/ssrn.5071846", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_74", "unstructured": "Kitete Mulongo, E., Matondo, A., Ngbolua, K.T.N., and Mpiana Tshimankinda, P. (2024). Evaluation of antiviral potential of Artemisia Annua derived compounds against COVID-19 and Human Hepatitis B: An in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. SSRN, 1–20." }, { "DOI": "10.3390/molecules27228103", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_75", "unstructured": "Miandad, K., Ullah, A., Bashir, K., Khan, S., Abideen, S.A., Shaker, B., Alharbi, M., Alshammari, A., Ali, M., and Haleem, A. (2022). Virtual screening of Artemisia annua phytochemicals as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme. Molecules, 27." }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12879-024-09387-w", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_76", "unstructured": "Irfan, E., Dilshad, E., Ahmad, F., Almajhdi, F.N., Hussain, T., Abdi, G., and Waheed, Y. (2024). Phytoconstituents of Artemisia Annua as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease: An in silico study. BMC Infect. Dis., 24." }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.chroma.2025.466138", "article-title": "A multi-omics approach combining GC-MS, LC-MS, and FT-NIR with chemometrics and machine learning for metabolites systematic profiling and geographical origin tracing of Artemisia argyi Folium", "author": "Nie", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "466138", "journal-title": "J. Chromatogr. A", "key": "ref_77", "volume": "1757", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01257", "article-title": "Artificial Intelligence in natural product drug discovery: Current applications and future perspectives", "author": "Gangwal", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "3948", "journal-title": "J. Med. Chem.", "key": "ref_78", "volume": "68", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.3389/fphar.2021.758159", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "ref_79", "unstructured": "Singla, R.K., He, X., Chopra, H., Tsagkaris, C., Shen, L., Kamal, M.A., and Shen, B. (2021). Natural products for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic: Sustainable bioresources. Front. Pharmacol., 12." }, { "DOI": "10.1002/ptr.6733", "article-title": "Artemisia annua: Trials are needed for COVID-19", "author": "Haq", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "first-page": "2423", "journal-title": "Phytother. Res.", "key": "ref_80", "volume": "34", "year": "2020" }, { "article-title": "Artemisia: A comprehensive review of phytochemistry, medicinal properties, and biological activities", "author": "Alrobaish", "first-page": "524", "journal-title": "J. Biosci. Med.", "key": "ref_81", "volume": "12", "year": "2024" } ], "reference-count": 81, "references-count": 81, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/12/1904" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "Potential of Artemisia annua Bioactives as Antiviral Agents Against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Health Complications", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.3390/mdpi_crossmark_policy", "volume": "18" }