Limited impact of ivermectin on immune response and transcriptional profiles in mild COVID-19
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-026-71991-4, Apr 2025 (preprint)
Ivermectin for COVID-19
4th treatment shown to reduce risk in
August 2020, now with p < 0.0000000001 from 106 studies, recognized in 24 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective.
Protocols combine treatments.
Secondary immunological analysis of the SAINT RCT, which reported lower viral loads and significantly shorter hyposmia/anosmia duration with ivermectin treatment. This secondary analysis found significantly higher anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels at days 4 and 7 and differences in blood transcriptional modules. The clinical implications of the immunological findings remain uncertain. The small sample size limits the ability to detect effects or exclude effects of meaningful magnitude.
Notable revisions to this paper reduce the prominence of favorable findings and weaken the reported statistical significance of a biological effect:
Favorable clinical findings were removed from the abstract: the preprint’s abstract and author summary report lower viral loads and significantly shorter hyposmia/anosmia duration. Neither appears in the revised abstract.
A T-cell finding originally reported as statistically significant after adjustment is described as non-significant after adjustment in the journal version. The original reports lower spike-specific naïve CD4+ T-cell frequencies with adjusted p=0.02. The revision retains p=0.02 but states the difference was non-significant after adjustment. Internal evidence supports 0.02 as the adjusted value: Figure 4 in both versions shows this comparison with two asterisks, defined as unadjusted p<0.01. The revised effect size r=0.61, sample size n=20, and formula r=Z/√N imply Z≈2.73 and an unadjusted two-sided p≈0.0064. Both support a raw p-value below 0.01 and are compatible with an adjusted value of 0.02. (The clinical meaning is uncertain - this could accompany a favorable response, such as reduced antigen exposure following antiviral activity or differentiation into effector/memory cells, but could also reflect reduced immune priming, altered cell distribution, or baseline variation).
The preprint and journal version provide contradicatory descriptions of day 1 values. The preprint reports that “Day 1 was excluded as treatment had just been given and no effect was expected," while the journal version states that day-1 samples were collected before treatment administration, and describes them as pre-dose baseline.
Excluding baseline from post-treatment outcomes does not require excluding it as an adjustment variable. The antibody/cytokine treatment-comparison models do not explicitly adjust for individual baseline measurements. This is significant with only 12 patients per arm and antibody differences apparent at baseline. The transcriptomic comparisons, by contrast, do explicitly adjust for baseline.
Ribes et al., 3 Apr 2025, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, placebo-controlled, Spain, peer-reviewed, median age 26.0, 23 authors, study period 31 July, 2020 - 11 September, 2020.
Minimal impact of ivermectin on immune response and transcriptional profiles in naïve adults with mild COVID-19
doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646276
Ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic drug, was repurposed to treat COVID-19 based on its in vitro antiviral effects. However, it was abandoned after multiple clinical trials reported a lack of efficacy. Immunomodulatory effects have been proposed but remain unclear, yet they may be relevant given IVM use for other infections. We assessed the IVM immunomodulatory effect in 24 participants from a clinical trial evaluating its potential to reduce COVID-19 transmission in mild cases within 48 hours of symptoms onset. The IVMtreated patients showed non-significant lower viral loads, and a significantly shorter duration of hyposmia/anosmia. We measured IgG, IgA, and IgM against five SARS-CoV-2 antigens, and 30 cytokines by Luminex, alongside whole blood RNA sequencing, pan-leukocyte immunophenotyping, and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell analysis by flow cytometry from day 1 to day 28 post-treatment. All antibody responses increased from day 4, while 13 cytokines significantly decreased over time (adjusted p<0.05). IVM-treated patients had only significantly higher anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels at day 4 (adjusted p=0.041) and 7 (adjusted p=0.045) compared to placebo. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells increased over time, with significantly higher effector memory CD4 + T cells at day 7 compared to day 1 (p=0.027) and the only difference between groups was lower frequencies of spike-specific naïve CD4 + T cells at day 7 in IVM-treated participants (0.006% vs 0.036% p=0.02). Transcriptomic data showed downregulation of innate and antiviral blood transcriptional modules (BTMs) over time, with an increase in adaptive immune related BTMs. While no differential gene expression was detected, the IVM-treated had upregulated innate and downregulated T cell and cell cycle BTMs compared to placebo. Overall, our comprehensive longitudinal analysis of early immune responses in mild COVID-19 revealed no robust immunological effects of IVM, consistent with clinical trials results and suggesting a lack of efficacy of IVM in COVID-19 treatment. .
SUPPORTING INFORMATION CAPTIONS Supplementary Figures Supplementary Figure 1 . Kinetics of antibody levels to N antigen from human coronaviruses causing the common cold since day of treatment. Log-10 transformed levels (median fluorescence intensity, MFI) of IgA, IgG, and IgM against the N antigen of HKU1, NL63, OC43 and 229E coronaviruses measured in 24 patients across six time points (data from same individual are joined by lines). For each timepoint boxplots represent median and interquartile range MFI for ivermectin-treated patients (orange) and placebotreated patients (blue).
Supplementary Figure 2. Kinetics of cytokine concentrations since day of treatment. Levels (pg/mL) of cytokines measured in 24 patients across six time points (data from same individual are joined by lines). For each timepoint boxplots represent median and interquartile range pg/mL for ivermectin-treated patients (orange) and placebo-treated patients (blue). Represented are the 16 out of the 30 cytokines analyzed that did not show statistical differences between timepoints. 3 . Gating strategy for the AIM assay. Example of the flow cytometry staining and gating strategy for the AIM panel. Gates were previously defined using fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls. A. The time vs FSC-A gate was used to exclude any acquisition irregularities. FSC-H and FSC-A were used to discriminate singlets and SSC-A vs FSC-A to select lymphocytes. Monocytes, B cells and dead cells were excluded by selecting CD14..
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