Posaconazole for Prevention of COVID‐19‐Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A European Multicentre Case–Control Study (POSACOVID)
Juergen Prattes, Daniele R Giacobbe, Cristina Marelli, Alessio Signori, Silvia Dettori, Greta Cattardico, Stefan Hatzl, Alexander C Reisinger, Philipp Eller, Robert Krause, Florian Reizine, Matteo Bassetti, Jean‐pierre Gangneux, Martin Hoenigl
Mycoses, doi:10.1111/myc.70023
Background: This study investigated the impact of posaconazole (POSA) prophylaxis in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure receiving systemic corticosteroids on the risk for the development of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). Methods: The primary aim of this prospective, multicentre, case-control study was to assess whether application of POSA prophylaxis in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients reduces the risk for CAPA development. All consecutive patients from centre 1 (cases) who received POSA prophylaxis as standard-of-care were matched to one subject from centre 2 and centre 3 who did not receive any antifungal prophylaxis, using propensity score matching for the following variables: (i) age, (ii) sex, (iii) treatment with tocilizumab and (iv) time at risk. Results: Eighty-three consecutive patients receiving POSA prophylaxis were identified at centre 1 and matched to 166 controls. In the matched cohort, incidence rates of CAPA were 1.69 (centre 1), 0.84 (centre 2) and 7.18 (centre 3) events per 1000 ICU days. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of an EORTC/MSGERC risk factor at ICU admission (OR 4.35) and centre 3 versus centre 1 (OR 6.07; 95% CI 1.76-20.91; p = 0.004) were associated with an increased risk of CAPA. No increased risk of CAPA was registered for centre 2 versus centre 1.
Author Contributions Juergen Prattes: conceptualization, methodology, writing -original draft, funding acquisition, project administration. Daniele R. Giacobbe: methodology, formal analysis, writing -original draft, project administration. Cristina Marelli: formal analysis. Alessio Signori: formal analysis. Silvia Dettori: data curation. Greta Cattardico: data curation. Stefan Hatzl: data curation. Alexander C. Reisinger: data curation. Philipp Eller: data curation. Robert Krause: data curation. Florian Reizine: data curation. Matteo Bassetti: methodology, writing -review and editing, supervision. Jean-Pierre Gangneux: methodology, writing -review and editing, supervision. Martin Hoenigl: conceptualization, methodology, writing -review and editing, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision.
References
Aerts, Autier, Gornicec, Point-Of-Care Testing for Viral-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics
Austin, An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies, Multivariate Behavioral Research
Autier, Prattes, White, Aspergillus Lateral Flow Assay With Digital Reader for the Diagnosis of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA): A Multicenter Study, Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Barnes, Goodyear, Willicombe, SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Responses and Clinical Outcomes After COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Immune-Suppressive Disease, Nature Medicine
Bartoletti, Pascale, Cricca, Epidemiology of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Among Intubated Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Study, Clinical Infectious Diseases
Bassetti, Giacobbe, Agvald-Ohman, Invasive Fungal Diseases in Adult Patients in Intensive Care Unit (FUNDICU): 2024 Consensus Definitions From ESGCIP, EFISG, ESICM, ECMM, MS-GERC, ISAC, and ISHAM, Intensive Care Medicine
Bassetti, Vena, Bavastro, Giacobbe, Optimizing Antifungal Treatment Strategies to Prevent Invasive Pulmonary Mycoses, 2025 Aspergillosis Infection-Related Deaths in Intensive Care Unit Patients: The Need for Standardization of Research Definitions, Mycopathologia
Conte, Golden, Krishna, Mciver, Little et al., Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Posaconazole at Steady State in Healthy Subjects, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Cornely, Maertens, Winston, Posaconazole vs. Fluconazole or Itraconazole Prophylaxis in Patients With Neutropenia, New England Journal of Medicine
Cornely, Robertson, Haider, Pharmacokinetics and Safety Results From the Phase 3 Randomized, Open-Label, Study of Intravenous Posaconazole in Patients at Risk of Invasive Fungal Disease, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Cunha, Aversa, Lacerda, Genetic PTX3 Deficiency and Aspergillosis in Stem-Cell Transplantation, New England Journal of Medicine
Dewi, Janssen, Rosati, Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Associated With Viral Pneumonitis, Current Opinion in Microbiology
Farowski, Cornely, Vehreschild, Intracellular Concentrations of Posaconazole in Different Compartments of Peripheral Blood, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Feys, Carvalho, Clancy, Influenza-Associated and COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients, Lancet Respiratory Medicine
Feys, Hoenigl, Gangneux Jp, Verweij, Wauters, Fungal Fog in Viral Storms: Necessity for Rigor in Aspergillosis Diagnosis and Research, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Feys, Lagrou, Lauwers, High Burden of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA) in Severely Immunocompromised Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation, Clinical Infectious Diseases
Frost, Gornicec, Reisinger, Eller, Hoenigl et al., COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit: Impact of Antifungal Prophylaxis, Mycopathologia
Gangneux, Dannaoui, Fekkar, Fungal Infections in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19 During the First Wave: The French Multicentre MYCOVID Study, Lancet Respiratory Medicine
Giacobbe, Prattes, Wauters, Prognostic Impact of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Galactomannan and Aspergillus Culture Results on Survival in COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Post Hoc Analysis From the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis Study, Journal of Clinical Microbiology
Gomes, Should I Use Fixed Effects or Random Effects When I Have Fewer Than Five Levels of a Grouping Factor in a Mixed-Effects Model?, PeerJ
Hashim, Nath, Khan, Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Development of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Meta-Analysis of 21 Studies and 5174 Patients, Mycoses
Hatzl, Reisinger, Posch, Antifungal Prophylaxis for Prevention of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Patients: An Observational Study, Critical Care
Hoenigl, Seidel, Sprute, COVID-19-Associated Fungal Infections, Nature Microbiology
Jenks, Hoenigl, Thompson, Study Protocol: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Isavuconazole Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Covid-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications
Koehler, Bassetti, Chakrabarti, Defining and Managing COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: The 2020 ECMM/ ISHAM Consensus Criteria for Research and Clinical Guidance, Lancet Infectious Diseases
Maertens, Girmenia, Bruggemann, European Guidelines for Primary Antifungal Prophylaxis in Adult Haematology Patients: Summary of the Updated Recommendations From the European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Permpalung, Chiang, Massie, Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients, Clinical Infectious Diseases
Prattes, Giacobbe, Bassetti, Gangneux, Hoenigl et al., Antifungal Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Ventilated Patients: One Solution Does Not Fit All, Intensive Care Medicine
Prattes, Wauters, Giacobbe, Lagrou, Hoenigl et al., Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Apergillosis in Critically Ill Patients: Results From a European Confederation of Medical Mycology Registry, Intensive Care Medicine
Prattes, Wauters, Giacobbe, Risk Factors and Outcome of Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients -A Multinational Observational Study by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology, Clinical Microbiology and Infection
Reizine, Pinceaux, Lederlin, Influenza-and COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Are the Pictures Different?, Journal of Fungi
Rosenbaum, Rubin, The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects, Biometrika
Rutsaert, Steinfort, Van, Hunsel, COVID-19-Associated Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Annals of Intensive Care
Salmanton-Garcia, Hoenigl, Gangneux, The Current State of Laboratory Mycology and Access to Antifungal Treatment in Europe: A European Confederation of Medical Mycology Survey, Lancet Microbe
Soriano, Narvaez-Chavez, Lopez-Olivencia, Fortun, De Pablo, Inhaled Amphotericin B Lipid Complex for Prophylaxis Against COVID-19-Associated Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Intensive Care Medicine
Ullmann, Lipton, Vesole, Posaconazole or Fluconazole for Prophylaxis in Severe Graft-Versus-Host Disease, New England Journal of Medicine
Van Ackerbroeck, Rutsaert, Roelant, Dillen, Wauters et al., Inhaled Liposomal Amphotericin-B as a Prophylactic Treatment for COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis/Aspergillus Tracheobronchitis, Critical Care
Van De Veerdonk, Bruggemann, Vos, COVID-19-Associated Aspergillus tracheobronchitis: The Interplay Between Viral Tropism, Host Defence, and Fungal Invasion, Lancet Respiratory Medicine
Vanderbeke, Jacobs, Feys, A Pathology-Based Case Series of Influenza-and COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: The Proof Is in the Tissue, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Wild, Fleming, Rose, Joseph, The Use of Prophylactic Nebulized Liposomal Amphotericin B to Reduce Risk of CAPA in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients on ICU in a Large UK Tertiary Teaching Hospital Trust, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
DOI record:
{
"DOI": "10.1111/myc.70023",
"ISSN": [
"0933-7407",
"1439-0507"
],
"URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/myc.70023",
"abstract": "<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the impact of posaconazole (POSA) prophylaxis in COVID‐19 patients with acute respiratory failure receiving systemic corticosteroids on the risk for the development of COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>The primary aim of this prospective, multicentre, case–control study was to assess whether application of POSA prophylaxis in mechanically ventilated COVID‐19 patients reduces the risk for CAPA development. All consecutive patients from centre 1 (cases) who received POSA prophylaxis as standard‐of‐care were matched to one subject from centre 2 and centre 3 who did not receive any antifungal prophylaxis, using propensity score matching for the following variables: (i) age, (ii) sex, (iii) treatment with tocilizumab and (iv) time at risk.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Eighty‐three consecutive patients receiving POSA prophylaxis were identified at centre 1 and matched to 166 controls. In the matched cohort, incidence rates of CAPA were 1.69 (centre 1), 0.84 (centre 2) and 7.18 (centre 3) events per 1000 ICU days. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of an EORTC/MSGERC risk factor at ICU admission (OR 4.35) and centre 3 versus centre 1 (OR 6.07; 95% CI 1.76–20.91; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.004) were associated with an increased risk of CAPA. No increased risk of CAPA was registered for centre 2 versus centre 1.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>The impact of POSA prophylaxis depends on the baseline CAPA incidence rate, which varies widely between centres. Future trials should therefore investigate targeted antifungal prophylaxis (e.g., stratified for high‐prevalence centres or high‐risk patients) in COVID‐19 patients.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Trial Registration:</jats:bold> NCT05065658</jats:p></jats:sec>",
"alternative-id": [
"10.1111/myc.70023"
],
"assertion": [
{
"group": {
"label": "Publication History",
"name": "publication_history"
},
"label": "Received",
"name": "received",
"order": 0,
"value": "2024-10-04"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Publication History",
"name": "publication_history"
},
"label": "Accepted",
"name": "accepted",
"order": 2,
"value": "2024-12-31"
},
{
"group": {
"label": "Publication History",
"name": "publication_history"
},
"label": "Published",
"name": "published",
"order": 3,
"value": "2025-01-12"
}
],
"author": [
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5751-9311",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"
},
{
"name": "BioTechMed Graz Graz Austria"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Prattes",
"given": "Juergen",
"sequence": "first"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-1759",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"
},
{
"name": "Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Giacobbe",
"given": "Daniele R.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-1819",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Marelli",
"given": "Cristina",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-9144",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Section of Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Signori",
"given": "Alessio",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy"
}
],
"family": "Dettori",
"given": "Silvia",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"
},
{
"name": "Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy"
}
],
"family": "Cattardico",
"given": "Greta",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6266-0512",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Hatzl",
"given": "Stefan",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5773-5695",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Reisinger",
"given": "Alexander C.",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-3646",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Eller",
"given": "Philipp",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-3648",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"
},
{
"name": "BioTechMed Graz Graz Austria"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Krause",
"given": "Robert",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9871-636X",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Medical Intensive Care Unit Rennes University Hospital Rennes France"
},
{
"name": "Univ Rennes CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085 Rennes France"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Reizine",
"given": "Florian",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-9740",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"
},
{
"name": "Clinica Malattie Infettive IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Bassetti",
"given": "Matteo",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4974-5607",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Univ Rennes CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085 Rennes France"
},
{
"name": "Laboratoire de Parasitologie‐Mycologie, Centre National de Référence Pour les Aspergilloses Chroniques (CNRMA‐LA AspC), ECMM Excellence Center for Medical Mycology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes Rennes France"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Gangneux",
"given": "Jean‐Pierre",
"sequence": "additional"
},
{
"ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-2824",
"affiliation": [
{
"name": "Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"
},
{
"name": "BioTechMed Graz Graz Austria"
}
],
"authenticated-orcid": false,
"family": "Hoenigl",
"given": "Martin",
"sequence": "additional"
}
],
"container-title": "Mycoses",
"container-title-short": "Mycoses",
"content-domain": {
"crossmark-restriction": true,
"domain": [
"onlinelibrary.wiley.com"
]
},
"created": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1,
13
]
],
"date-time": "2025-01-13T04:25:13Z",
"timestamp": 1736742313000
},
"deposited": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1,
30
]
],
"date-time": "2025-01-30T03:47:29Z",
"timestamp": 1738208849000
},
"funder": [
{
"DOI": "10.13039/100022752",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"id": [
{
"asserted-by": "publisher",
"id": "10.13039/100022752",
"id-type": "DOI"
}
],
"name": "MSD Sharp and Dohme"
}
],
"indexed": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1,
30
]
],
"date-time": "2025-01-30T06:21:53Z",
"timestamp": 1738218113509,
"version": "3.34.0"
},
"is-referenced-by-count": 0,
"issue": "1",
"issued": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1
]
]
},
"journal-issue": {
"issue": "1",
"published-print": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1
]
]
}
},
"language": "en",
"license": [
{
"URL": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
"content-version": "vor",
"delay-in-days": 11,
"start": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1,
12
]
],
"date-time": "2025-01-12T00:00:00Z",
"timestamp": 1736640000000
}
}
],
"link": [
{
"URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/myc.70023",
"content-type": "unspecified",
"content-version": "vor",
"intended-application": "similarity-checking"
}
],
"member": "311",
"original-title": [],
"prefix": "10.1111",
"published": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1
]
]
},
"published-online": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1,
12
]
]
},
"published-print": {
"date-parts": [
[
2025,
1
]
]
},
"publisher": "Wiley",
"reference": [
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00134-021-06471-6",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_2_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00442-2",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_3_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciab223",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_4_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00151-6",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_5_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s13613-020-00686-4",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_6_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00134-024-07542-0",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_7_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.006",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_8_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00138-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_9_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.cmi.2021.08.014",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_10_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciaa1065",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_11_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1164/rccm.202208-1570OC",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_12_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11046-024-00879-6",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_13_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciad546",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_14_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41591-023-02414-4",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_15_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00134-021-06603-y",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_16_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s13054-021-03728-w",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_17_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1186/s13054-021-03753-9",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_18_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/jac/dkad054",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_19_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101310",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_20_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30847-1",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_21_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.3390/jof7050388",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_22_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/biomet/70.1.41",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_23_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/00273171.2011.568786",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_24_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.7717/peerj.12794",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_25_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa061094",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_26_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa061098",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_27_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1093/jac/dkx382",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_28_1"
},
{
"article-title": "European Guidelines for Primary Antifungal Prophylaxis in Adult Haematology Patients: Summary of the Updated Recommendations From the European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia",
"author": "Maertens J. A.",
"first-page": "3221",
"issue": "12",
"journal-title": "Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy",
"key": "e_1_2_10_29_1",
"volume": "73",
"year": "2018"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1128/AAC.00663-08",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_30_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1128/AAC.01407-09",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_31_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s11046-023-00809-y",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_32_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1111/myc.13637",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_33_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1038/s41564-022-01172-2",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_34_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1080/14737159.2023.2257597",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_35_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00261-0",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_36_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1128/JCM.01689-21",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_37_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1164/rccm.202310-1815VP",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_38_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1128/jcm.02298-21",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_39_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa1211161",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_40_1"
},
{
"DOI": "10.1007/s00134-024-07341-7",
"doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
"key": "e_1_2_10_41_1"
}
],
"reference-count": 40,
"references-count": 40,
"relation": {},
"resource": {
"primary": {
"URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/myc.70023"
}
},
"score": 1,
"short-title": [],
"source": "Crossref",
"subject": [],
"subtitle": [],
"title": "Posaconazole for Prevention of <scp>COVID</scp>‐19‐Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A European Multicentre Case–Control Study (<scp>POSACOVID</scp>)",
"type": "journal-article",
"update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy",
"volume": "68"
}
