Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) for Population Health and Health Inequalities

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 24]], 'date-time': '2023-03-24T04:57:33Z', 'timestamp': 1679633853768}, 'reference-count': 193, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '7', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 23]], 'date-time': '2023-03-23T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1679529600000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, governments around the world ' 'have adopted an array of measures intended to control the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 ' 'virus, using both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). NPIs are public ' 'health interventions that do not rely on vaccines or medicines and include policies such as ' 'lockdowns, stay-at-home orders, school closures, and travel restrictions. Although the ' 'intention was to slow viral transmission, emerging research indicates that these NPIs have ' 'also had unintended consequences for other aspects of public health. Hence, we conducted a ' 'narrative review of studies investigating these unintended consequences of NPIs, with a ' 'particular emphasis on mental health and on lifestyle risk factors for non-communicable ' 'diseases (NCD): physical activity (PA), overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption, and ' 'tobacco smoking. We reviewed the scientific literature using combinations of search terms ' 'such as ‘COVID-19′, ‘pandemic’, ‘lockdowns’, ‘mental health’, ‘physical activity’, and ' '‘obesity’. NPIs were found to have considerable adverse consequences for mental health, ' 'physical activity, and overweight and obesity. The impacts on alcohol and tobacco consumption ' 'varied greatly within and between studies. The variability in consequences for different ' 'groups implies increased health inequalities by age, sex/gender, socioeconomic status, ' 'pre-existing lifestyle, and place of residence. In conclusion, a proper assessment of the use ' 'of NPIs in attempts to control the spread of the pandemic should be weighed against the ' 'potential adverse impacts on other aspects of public health. Our findings should also be of ' 'relevance for future pandemic preparedness and pandemic response teams.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/ijerph20075223', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 23]], 'date-time': '2023-03-23T07:07:57Z', 'timestamp': 1679555277000}, 'page': '5223', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) for Population ' 'Health and Health Inequalities', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '20', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-1493', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Coilín', 'family': 'ÓhAiseadha', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive, D08 W2A8 ' 'Dublin, Ireland'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-2621', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Gerry A.', 'family': 'Quinn', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ulster University, Coleraine ' 'BT52 1SA, UK'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-3544', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Ronan', 'family': 'Connolly', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ {'name': 'Independent Scientist, D08 Dublin, Ireland'}, { 'name': 'Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences (CERES), ' 'Salem, MA 01970, USA'}]}, { 'given': 'Awwad', 'family': 'Wilson', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'National Drug Treatment Centre, Health Service Executive, D02 ' 'NY26 Dublin, Ireland'}]}, { 'given': 'Michael', 'family': 'Connolly', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ {'name': 'Independent Scientist, D08 Dublin, Ireland'}, { 'name': 'Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences (CERES), ' 'Salem, MA 01970, USA'}]}, { 'given': 'Willie', 'family': 'Soon', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences (CERES), ' 'Salem, MA 01970, USA'}, { 'name': 'Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science (ELKH EPSS), H-9400 ' 'Sopron, Hungary'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1260-2688', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Paul', 'family': 'Hynds', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'SpatioTemporal Environmental Epidemiology Research (STEER) ' 'Group, Environmental Sustainability & Health Institute, ' 'Technological University, D07 H6K8 Dublin, Ireland'}, { 'name': 'Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geoscience, University ' 'College Dublin, D02 FX65 Dublin, Ireland'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 3, 23]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1015', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30673-5', 'article-title': 'COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic', 'volume': '395', 'author': 'Bedford', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': 'ref_2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '1314', 'DOI': '10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32117-6', 'article-title': 'Living with the COVID-19 pandemic: Act now with the tools we have', 'volume': '396', 'author': 'Bedford', 'year': '2020', 'journal-title': 'Lancet'}, { 'key': 'ref_3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '121560', 'DOI': '10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121560', 'article-title': 'Developing a mental health index using a machine learning approach: ' 'Assessing the impact of mobility and lockdown during the COVID-19 ' 'pandemic', 'volume': '178', 'author': 'Nanath', 'year': '2022', 'journal-title': 'Technol. 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