High incidence of post-discharge cardiovascular mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization: a data-linkage study in Southern Iran

Heiran et al., BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, doi:10.1186/s12872-025-05376-2, Jan 2026
Mortality -22% improvement lower risk ← → higher risk Remdesivir  Heiran et al.  LATE TREATMENT Is late treatment with remdesivir beneficial for COVID-19? Retrospective study in Iran (March 2020 - March 2021) Higher mortality with remdesivir (not stat. sig., p=0.2) c19early.org Heiran et al., BMC Cardiovascular Diso.., Jan 2026 0 0.5 1 1.5 2+ RR
Retrospective 845 COVID-19 patients who died from cardiovascular causes after hospital discharge. In multivariable analysis, remdesivir treatment showed a non-significant trend toward increased hazard of death (aHR: 1.217, 95% CI: 0.891-1.663, p=0.195).
Gérard, Zhou, Wu, Kamo, Choi, Kim show increased risk of acute kidney injury, Leo, Briciu, Muntean, Petrov show increased risk of liver injury, and Negru, Cheng, Mohammed, Kwok show increased risk of cardiac disorders with remdesivir.
risk of death, 21.7% higher, HR 1.22, p = 0.20, adjusted per study, multivariable, Cox proportional hazards.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules prioritizing more serious outcomes. Submit updates
Heiran et al., 7 Jan 2026, retrospective, Iran, peer-reviewed, 19 authors, study period 20 March, 2020 - 20 March, 2021. Contact: mhnmp@yahoo.com.
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatment protocols c19early.org February 2026 Iran United Kingdom USA Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Pakistan Peru Philippines Argentina Vietnam Spain Brazil Italy France Japan China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Mexico South Korea Ghana Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Ukraine Côte d'Ivoire Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Singapore Iceland New Zealand Mongolia Czechia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong Belarus North Macedonia Qatar Panama Serbia CAR Iran favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy of treatments was moderate.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment, andforgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
$0 $500 $1,000+ Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19treatment protocols worldwide c19early.org February 2026 Iran United Kingdom USA Russia Sudan Angola Colombia Kenya Mozambique Pakistan Peru Philippines Argentina Vietnam Spain Brazil Italy France Japan China Uzbekistan Nepal Ethiopia Mexico South Korea Ghana Germany Bangladesh Saudi Arabia Algeria Morocco Yemen Poland India DR Congo Madagascar Thailand Uganda Venezuela Nigeria Egypt Bolivia Taiwan Zambia Fiji Bosnia-Herzegovina Côte d'Ivoire Bulgaria Greece Slovakia Iceland Mongolia Czechia Israel Trinidad and Tobago Hong Kong Belarus North Macedonia Qatar Panama Serbia Syria Iran favored high-profit treatments.The average efficacy was moderate.High-cost protocols reduce early treatment,and forgo complementary/synergistic benefits. More effective More expensive 75% 50% 25% ≤0%
High incidence of post-discharge cardiovascular mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization: a data-linkage study in Southern Iran
Alireza Heiran, Amir Askarinejad, Sarvin Sasannia, Mana Moghadami, Foozhan Vaziri, Armin Naderi, Amirhossein Akbari Dahuee, Aida Bazrgar, Mahnaz Jafari, Leila Jamali, Mohammad Keshavarz, Fateme Hooman, Arash Shekari, Mahboubeh Aliakbarian Haveshki, Omid Keshvarzian, Mohammad Amin Annabi, Mahsa Gholami, Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, Mohammad Hossein Nikoo
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, doi:10.1186/s12872-025-05376-2
Background The long-term cardiovascular sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a major component of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS), is a global health challenge. However, detailed characterization of fatal cardiovascular outcomes following COVID-19 hospitalization, particularly from the Middle East, remains limited. Objective We aimed to investigate the incidence and clinical characteristics of cardiovascular mortality among patients discharged after COVID-19-associated hospitalizations in southern Iran. Methods We conducted a retrospective data-linkage study between regional death certificates (N = 25,425) and COVID-19 hospital discharge records (N = 51,346) from teaching hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between March 2020 and March 2021. Cardiovascular death was defined using ICD-10 codes I00-I99 from official death certificates. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed on the cohort of cardiovascular deaths to identify factors associated with the time from discharge to death. Results The all-cause mortality rate following discharge from COVID-19 hospitalization was substantially high, comprising 18.54% (N = 4,715) of all regional deaths. A total of 845 post-discharge deaths (3.32% of all regional deaths) were classified as being due to cardiovascular causes. Notably, 71.4% of these patients had elevated troponin levelsindicating acute myocardial injury -during their index COVID-19 hospitalization, which constitutes 2.85% of mortality in discharged COVID-19 patients (1,331 out of 46,705). The median time from discharge to death was 18 days [IQR: 6, 49.5]. The most frequent underlying cardiovascular conditions were unspecified cardiovascular disease (13.4%) and acute myocardial infarction (9.3%). The on-arrival ECG showed a high prevalence of abnormalities, including QT dispersion ≥ 40ms (50.9%), poor R wave progression (44.8%), and ST segment depression (26.8%). Discharge with cardiovascular drugs was independently associated with a longer time to death (aHR: 0.759 [95% CI: 0.588, 0.981]).
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 1 8 6 / s 1 2 8 7 2 -0 2 5 -0 5 Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shiraz University of medical science and obtaining informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the research project (code: IR.SUMS.REC.1400.724). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
Abdi, Alotaiby, Badarin, Khraibi, Hamdan et al., Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with cardiomyocytes: insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of cardiac injury and pharmacotherapy, Biomed Pharmacother
Ashmawy, Hammouda, El-Maradny, Aboelsaad, Hussein et al., Interplay between comorbidities and long COVID: challenges and multidisciplinary approaches, Biomolecules
Azami, Vafa, Heydarzadeh, Sadeghi, Amiri et al., Evaluation of blood pressure variation in recovered COVID-19 patients at one-year follow-up: a retrospective cohort study, BMC Cardiovasc Disord
Bazoukis, Yeung, Wui, Ho, Varrias et al., Association of QT dispersion with mortality and arrhythmic events-a metaanalysis of observational studies, J Arrhythm
Chen, Xi, Cardiovascular adverse effects of antiviral therapies for COVID-19: evidence and plausible mechanisms, Acta Pharmacol Sin
Chung, Zidar, Bristow, Cameron, Chan et al., COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from bench to bedside, Circ Res
Dashtban, Mizani, Pasea, Tomlinson, Mu et al., Vaccinations, cardiovascular drugs, hospitalization, and mortality in COVID-19 and long COVID, Int J Infect Dis
Delorey, Ziegler, Heimberg, Yang, Segerstolpe, COVID-19 tissue atlases reveal SARS-CoV-2 pathology and cellular targets, Nature
Dou, Wei, Zhou, Yang, Jia, Cardiovascular manifestations and mechanisms in patients with COVID-19, Trends Endocrinol Metab
Ebrahimi, Fallah, Pakdaman, Shirafkan, Abedi, Lactate is associated with long-term mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study, Coronaviruses
Ebrahimi, Pakdaman, Amri, Shirafkan, Abedi, Prognostic values of elevated lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study, Coronaviruses
Elseidy, Awad, Vorla, Elbadawy, Mandal, Cardiovascular complications in the Post-Acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS), Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc
Fairweather, Beetler, Florio, Musigk, Heidecker et al., COVID-19, myocarditis and pericarditis, Circ Res
Haffke, Freitag, Rudolf, Seifert, Doehner et al., Endothelial dysfunction and altered endothelial biomarkers in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), J Transl Med
Huseynov, Akin, Duerschmied, Scharf, Cardiac arrhythmias in post-COVID syndrome: prevalence, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment, Viruses
Kalogeropoulos, Butler, Worsening cardiovascular disease epidemiology in the United States: the time for preparation is now, J Am Coll Cardiol
Kemajou, Mbanya, Coppieters, Digital approaches in post-COVID healthcare: a systematic review of technological innovations in disease management, Biol Methods Protoc
Khademi, Malekzadeh, Pourshams, Jafari, Salahi et al., Opium use and mortality in Golestan Cohort Study: prospective cohort study of 50,000 adults in Iran, BMJ
Khalili, Ayoobi, Mohamadi, Jamalizadeh, Vecchia et al., Effect of opium consumption on cardiovascular diseases -a cross-sectional study based on data of Rafsanjan cohort study, BMC Cardiovasc Disord
Kini, Cao, Nardin, Sartori, Zhang et al., Types of myocardial injury and mid-term outcomes in patients with COVID-19, Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes
Kotecha, Knight, Razvi, Kumar, Vimalesvaran et al., Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance, Eur Heart J
Kumar, Talukdar, Turuk, Bhalla, Mukherjee et al., Determinants of post discharge mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, Indian J Med Res
Lumpuy-Castillo, Lorenzo-Almorós, Pello-Lázaro, Sánchez-Ferrer, Egido et al., Cardiovascular damage in COVID-19: therapeutic approaches targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, Int J Mol Sci
Mohammad, Lin, Rodriguez, Cardiac manifestations of post-acute COVID-19 infection, Curr Cardiol Rep
Montone, Iannaccone, Meucci, Gurgoglione, Niccoli, Myocardial and microvascular injury due to coronavirus disease 2019, Eur Cardiol
Nabati, Parsaee, Potential cardiotoxic effects of remdesivir on cardiovascular system: a literature review, Cardiovasc Toxicol
Nalbandian, Desai, Wan, Post-COVID-19 condition, Annu Rev Med
Nalbandian, Sehgal, Gupta, Madhavan, Mcgroder et al., Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, Nat Med
Negreira-Caamaño, Río, Águila-Gordo, Gómez, Soto-Pérez et al., Cardiovascular events after COVID-19 hospitalization: long-term follow-up, Revista Española de Cardiología
Nishiga, Wang, Han, Lewis, Wu, COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives, Nat Rev Cardiol
Patone, Mei, Handunnetthi, Dixon, Zaccardi et al., Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection, Nat Med
Proal, Vanelzakker, Aleman, Bach, Boribong et al., SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PACS), Nat Immunol
Raman, Bluemke, Luscher, Neubauer, Long COVID: postacute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus, Eur Heart J
Ramzi, Hospital readmissions and post-discharge all-cause mortality in COVID-19 recovered patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Emerg Med
Renda, Ricci, Spinoni, Grisafi, ' Ardes et al., Predictors of mortality and cardiovascular outcome at 6 months after hospitalization for COVID-19, J Clin Med
Rinaldi, Basile, Salzillo, Grieco, Caffè et al., Myocardial injury portends a higher risk of mortality and long-term cardiovascular sequelae after hospital discharge in COVID-19 survivors, J Clin Med
Sachs, Karim, Aknin, Allen, Brosbøl et al., The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic, Lancet
Sanz, Puchades, Melero, Fernández-Fabrellas, Tamarit et al., Acute myocardial injury during SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and long-term prognosis, J Gen Intern Med
Satterfield, Bhatt, Gersh, Cardiac involvement in the long-term implications of COVID-19, Nat Rev Cardiol
Schnekenberg, Sedghi, Schoene, Pallesen, Barlinn et al., Assessment and therapeutic modulation of heart rate variability: potential implications in patients with COVID-19, J Cardiovasc Dev Dis
Sherif, Gomez, Connors, Henrich, Reeves et al., Pathogenic mechanisms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PACS), Elife
Siripanthong, Asatryan, Hanff, Chatha, Khanji et al., The pathogenesis and long-term consequences of COVID-19 cardiac injury, JACC: Basic to Translational Science
Tereshchenko, Bishop, Fisher-Campbell, Levene, Morris et al., Risk of cardiovascular events after COVID-19, Am J Cardiol, doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.06.023
Terzić, Basilua, Billard, De Gastines, Belhadi et al., Cardiac adverse events and remdesivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a post hoc safety analysis of the randomized DisCoV-eRy Trial, Clin Infect Dis
Trimarco, Izzo, Pacella, Trama, Manzi et al., Incidence of new-onset hypertension before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a 7-year longitudinal cohort study in a large population, BMC Med
Tsampasian, Bäck, Bernardi, Cavarretta, Dębski et al., Cardiovascular disease as part of long COVID: a systematic review, Eur J Prev Cardiol
Varga, Flammer, Steiger, Haberecker, Andermatt et al., Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19, Lancet
Virani, Alonso, Benjamin, Bittencourt, Callaway et al., Heart disease and stroke Statistics-2020 update: A report from the American heart association, Circulation
Vo, Carerj, Wieters, Fahim, Arendt et al., Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), JAMA Cardiol
Wang, Mao, Klein, Dai, Huck et al., Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19, Nature
Wang, Wang, Wang, Wei, Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: a retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US collaborative networks, EClinicalMedicine
Weber, Siddiqi, Zhou, Vieira, Kim et al., Relationship between myocardial injury during index hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection and longer-term outcomes, J Am Heart Assoc
Xie, Choi, Al-Aly, Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron eras, N Engl J Med
Xie, Xu, Bowe, Al-Aly, Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19, Nat Med
Yan, Zhang, Li, Xia, Guo et al., Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2, Science
Yang, Lapp, Amstutz, Briel, Shannon et al., Cardiac adverse events associated with remdesivir in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, BMJ Open
Zakeri, Mirahmadizadeh, Azarbakhsh, Dehghani, Janfada et al., Excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southern Iran: estimating the absolute count and relative risk using ecological data, J Prev Med Public Health
DOI record: { "DOI": "10.1186/s12872-025-05376-2", "ISSN": [ "1471-2261" ], "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-05376-2", "alternative-id": [ "5376" ], "article-number": "111", "assertion": [ { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Received", "name": "received", "order": 1, "value": "24 February 2025" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "Accepted", "name": "accepted", "order": 2, "value": "19 November 2025" }, { "group": { "label": "Article History", "name": "ArticleHistory" }, "label": "First Online", "name": "first_online", "order": 3, "value": "7 January 2026" }, { "group": { "label": "Declarations", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 1 }, { "group": { "label": "Ethics approval and consent to participate", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 2, "value": "This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shiraz University of medical science and obtaining informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the research project (code: IR.SUMS.REC.1400.724). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki." }, { "group": { "label": "Consent for publication", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 3, "value": "Not applicable." }, { "group": { "label": "Competing interests", "name": "EthicsHeading" }, "name": "Ethics", "order": 4, "value": "The authors declare no competing interests." } ], "author": [ { "affiliation": [], "family": "Heiran", "given": "Alireza", "sequence": "first" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Askarinejad", "given": "Amir", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Sasannia", "given": "Sarvin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Moghadami", "given": "Mana", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Vaziri", "given": "Foozhan", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Naderi", "given": "Armin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Dahuee", "given": "Amirhossein Akbari", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Bazrgar", "given": "Aida", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Jafari", "given": "Mahnaz", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Jamali", "given": "Leila", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Keshavarz", "given": "Mohammad", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Hooman", "given": "Fateme", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Shekari", "given": "Arash", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Haveshki", "given": "Mahboubeh Aliakbarian", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Keshvarzian", "given": "Omid", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Annabi", "given": "Mohammad Amin", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Gholami", "given": "Mahsa", "sequence": "additional" }, { "affiliation": [], "family": "Mirahmadizadeh", "given": "Alireza", "sequence": "additional" }, { "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-094X", "affiliation": [], "authenticated-orcid": false, "family": "Nikoo", "given": "Mohammad Hossein", "sequence": "additional" } ], "container-title": "BMC Cardiovascular Disorders", "container-title-short": "BMC Cardiovasc Disord", "content-domain": { "crossmark-restriction": false, "domain": [ "link.springer.com" ] }, "created": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 1, 7 ] ], "date-time": "2026-01-07T02:04:02Z", "timestamp": 1767751442000 }, "deposited": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 4 ] ], "date-time": "2026-02-04T12:03:21Z", "timestamp": 1770206601000 }, "indexed": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 5 ] ], "date-time": "2026-02-05T14:39:41Z", "timestamp": 1770302381819, "version": "3.49.0" }, "is-referenced-by-count": 0, "issue": "1", "issued": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 1, 7 ] ] }, "journal-issue": { "issue": "1", "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 12 ] ] } }, "language": "en", "license": [ { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0", "content-version": "tdm", "delay-in-days": 0, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 1, 7 ] ], "date-time": "2026-01-07T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1767744000000 } }, { "URL": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0", "content-version": "vor", "delay-in-days": 28, "start": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 2, 4 ] ], "date-time": "2026-02-04T00:00:00Z", "timestamp": 1770163200000 } } ], "link": [ { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12872-025-05376-2", "content-type": "text/html", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12872-025-05376-2.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "text-mining" }, { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12872-025-05376-2.pdf", "content-type": "application/pdf", "content-version": "vor", "intended-application": "similarity-checking" } ], "member": "297", "original-title": [], "prefix": "10.1186", "published": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 1, 7 ] ] }, "published-online": { "date-parts": [ [ 2026, 1, 7 ] ] }, "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC", "reference": [ { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9", "author": "JD Sachs", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1224", "issue": "10359", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "5376_CR1", "unstructured": "Sachs JD, Karim SSA, Aknin L, Allen J, Brosbøl K, Colombo F, et al. The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2022;400(10359):1224–80.", "volume": "400", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1056/NEJMoa2403211", "author": "Y Xie", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "515", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "N Engl J Med", "key": "5376_CR2", "unstructured": "Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron eras. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(6):515–25.", "volume": "391", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1146/annurev-med-043021-030635", "author": "A Nalbandian", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "55", "journal-title": "Annu Rev Med", "key": "5376_CR3", "unstructured": "Nalbandian A, Desai AD, Wan EY. Post-COVID-19 condition. Annu Rev Med. 2023;74:55–64.", "volume": "74", "year": "2023" }, { "key": "5376_CR4", "unstructured": "-COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2020. (NICE Guideline, No. 188.) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567261/." }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41590-023-01601-2", "author": "AD -Proal", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1616", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Nat Immunol", "key": "5376_CR5", "unstructured": "-Proal AD, VanElzakker MB, Aleman S, Bach K, Boribong BP, Buggert M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PACS). Nat Immunol. 2023;24(10):1616–27.", "volume": "24", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/eurjpc/zwae070", "author": "V Tsampasian", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "485", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "Eur J Prev Cardiol", "key": "5376_CR6", "unstructured": "Tsampasian V, Bäck M, Bernardi M, Cavarretta E, Dębski M, Gati S, et al. Cardiovascular disease as part of long COVID: a systematic review. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025;32(6):485–98.", "volume": "32", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.jacc.2022.05.035", "author": "AP Kalogeropoulos", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "579", "issue": "6", "journal-title": "J Am Coll Cardiol", "key": "5376_CR7", "unstructured": "Kalogeropoulos AP, Butler J. Worsening cardiovascular disease epidemiology in the United States: the time for preparation is now. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(6):579–83.", "volume": "80", "year": "2022" }, { "author": "SA -Elseidy", "first-page": "101012", "journal-title": "Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc", "key": "5376_CR8", "unstructured": "-Elseidy SA, Awad AK, Vorla M, atima A, Elbadawy MA, Mandal D, et al. Cardiovascular complications in the Post-Acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2022;40:101012.", "volume": "40", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757", "author": "SS -Virani", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "e139", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Circulation", "key": "5376_CR9", "unstructured": "-Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke Statistics-2020 update: A report from the American heart association. Circulation. 2020;141(9):e139–596.", "volume": "141", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3", "author": "Y Xie", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "583", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Nat Med", "key": "5376_CR10", "unstructured": "Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):583–90.", "volume": "28", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101619", "author": "W Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "EClinicalMedicine", "key": "5376_CR11", "unstructured": "Wang W, Wang CY, Wang SI, Wei JC. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: a retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US collaborative networks. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;53:101619.", "volume": "53", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/eurheartj/ehac031", "author": "B Raman", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1157", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "Eur Heart J", "key": "5376_CR12", "unstructured": "Raman B, Bluemke DA, Luscher TF, Neubauer S. Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(11):1157–72.", "volume": "43", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.321878", "author": "D Fairweather", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1302", "issue": "10", "journal-title": "Circ Res", "key": "5376_CR13", "unstructured": "Fairweather D, Beetler DJ, Di Florio DN, Musigk N, Heidecker B, Cooper LT Jr. COVID-19, myocarditis and pericarditis. Circ Res. 2023;132(10):1302–19.", "volume": "132", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/v15020389", "author": "A Huseynov", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Viruses", "key": "5376_CR14", "unstructured": "Huseynov A, Akin I, Duerschmied D, Scharf RE. Cardiac arrhythmias in post-COVID syndrome: prevalence, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Viruses. 2023;15(2):389.", "volume": "15", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41591-021-01630-0", "author": "M Patone", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "410", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Nat Med", "key": "5376_CR15", "unstructured": "Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, Dixon S, Zaccardi F, Shankar-Hari M, et al. Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2022;28(2):410–22.", "volume": "28", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.7554/eLife.86002", "author": "ZA Sherif", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Elife", "key": "5376_CR16", "unstructured": "Sherif ZA, Gomez CR, Connors TJ, Henrich TJ, Reeves WB, RECOVER Mechanistic Pathway Task Force. Pathogenic mechanisms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PACS). Elife. 2023;12:e86002.", "volume": "12", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9", "author": "M Nishiga", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "543", "issue": "9", "journal-title": "Nat Rev Cardiol", "key": "5376_CR17", "unstructured": "Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(9):543–58.", "volume": "17", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.tem.2020.10.001", "author": "Q Dou", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "893", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Trends Endocrinol Metab", "key": "5376_CR18", "unstructured": "Dou Q, Wei X, Zhou K, Yang S, Jia P. Cardiovascular manifestations and mechanisms in patients with COVID-19. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2020;31(12):893–904.", "volume": "31", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-021-03631-y", "author": "EY Wang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "283", "issue": "7866", "journal-title": "Nature", "key": "5376_CR19", "unstructured": "Wang EY, Mao T, Klein J, Dai Y, Huck JD, Jaycox JR, et al. Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19. Nature. 2021;595(7866):283–8.", "volume": "595", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11886-022-01793-3", "author": "KO Mohammad", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1775", "issue": "12", "journal-title": "Curr Cardiol Rep", "key": "5376_CR20", "unstructured": "Mohammad KO, Lin A, Rodriguez JBC. Cardiac manifestations of post-acute COVID-19 infection. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022;24(12):1775–83.", "volume": "24", "year": "2022" }, { "author": "P Ebrahimi", "first-page": "1", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Coronaviruses", "key": "5376_CR21", "unstructured": "Ebrahimi P, Fallah F, Pakdaman K, Shirafkan H, Abedi H. Lactate is associated with long-term mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Coronaviruses. 2024;6(3):1–10.", "volume": "6", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.2174/0126667975309434240806074716", "doi-asserted-by": "crossref", "key": "5376_CR22", "unstructured": "Ebrahimi P, Pakdaman K, Amri P, Shirafkan H, Abedi H. Prognostic values of elevated lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study. Coronaviruses. 2025;6(3):e26667975309434." }, { "DOI": "10.3390/jcm11195964", "author": "R Rinaldi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "19", "journal-title": "J Clin Med", "key": "5376_CR23", "unstructured": "Rinaldi R, Basile M, Salzillo C, Grieco DL, Caffè A, Masciocchi C, et al. Myocardial injury portends a higher risk of mortality and long-term cardiovascular sequelae after hospital discharge in COVID-19 survivors. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19):5964.", "volume": "11", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/jcm11030729", "author": "G -Renda", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "729", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "J Clin Med", "key": "5376_CR24", "unstructured": "-Renda G, Ricci F, Spinoni EG, Grisafi L, D’Ardes D, Mennuni M, et al. Predictors of mortality and cardiovascular outcome at 6 months after hospitalization for COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2022;11(3):729.", "volume": "11", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.3961/jpmph.23.198", "author": "M Zakeri", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "120", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "J Prev Med Public Health", "key": "5376_CR25", "unstructured": "Zakeri M, Mirahmadizadeh A, Azarbakhsh H, Dehghani SS, Janfada M, Moradian M, et al. Excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southern Iran: estimating the absolute count and relative risk using ecological data. J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):120–7.", "volume": "57", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.059", "author": "ZS Ramzi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "267", "journal-title": "Am J Emerg Med", "key": "5376_CR26", "unstructured": "Ramzi ZS. Hospital readmissions and post-discharge all-cause mortality in COVID-19 recovered patients; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;51:267–79.", "volume": "51", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_973_23", "author": "G Kumar", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "136", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Indian J Med Res", "key": "5376_CR27", "unstructured": "Kumar G, Talukdar A, Turuk A, Bhalla A, Mukherjee S, Bhardwaj P, et al. Determinants of post discharge mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Indian J Med Res. 2023;158(2):136–44.", "volume": "158", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.rec.2021.09.001", "author": "M Negreira-Caamaño", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "100", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)", "key": "5376_CR28", "unstructured": "Negreira-Caamaño M, Martínez-Del Río J, Águila-Gordo D, Mateo-Gómez C, Soto-Pérez M, Piqueras-Flores J. Cardiovascular events after COVID-19 hospitalization: long-term follow-up. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition). 2022;75(1):100–2.", "volume": "75", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.06.023", "author": "LG Tereshchenko", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "102", "journal-title": "Am J Cardiol", "key": "5376_CR29", "unstructured": "Tereshchenko LG, Bishop A, Fisher-Campbell N, Levene J, Morris CC, Patel H, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events after COVID-19. Am J Cardiol. 2022;179:102–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.06.023.", "volume": "179", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab053", "author": "A Kini", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "438", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes", "key": "5376_CR30", "unstructured": "Kini A, Cao D, Nardin M, Sartori S, Zhang Z, Pivato CA, et al. Types of myocardial injury and mid-term outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2021;7(5):438–46.", "volume": "7", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1126/science.abb2762", "author": "R Yan", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1444", "issue": "6485", "journal-title": "Science", "key": "5376_CR31", "unstructured": "Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xia L, Guo Y, Zhou Q. Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science. 2020;367(6485):1444–8.", "volume": "367", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.15420/ecr.2020.22", "author": "RA Montone", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Eur Cardiol", "key": "5376_CR32", "unstructured": "Montone RA, Iannaccone G, Meucci MC, Gurgoglione F, Niccoli G. Myocardial and microvascular injury due to coronavirus disease 2019. Eur Cardiol. 2020;15:e52.", "volume": "15", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112518", "author": "A Abdi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Biomed Pharmacother", "key": "5376_CR33", "unstructured": "Abdi A, AlOtaiby S, Badarin FA, Khraibi A, Hamdan H, Nader M. Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with cardiomyocytes: insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of cardiac injury and pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;146:112518.", "volume": "146", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12967-022-03346-2", "author": "M Haffke", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Transl Med", "key": "5376_CR34", "unstructured": "Haffke M, Freitag H, Rudolf G, Seifert M, Doehner W, Scherbakov N, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and altered endothelial biomarkers in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). J Transl Med. 2022;20(1):138.", "volume": "20", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5", "author": "Z Varga", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1417", "issue": "10234", "journal-title": "Lancet", "key": "5376_CR35", "unstructured": "Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417–8.", "volume": "395", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z", "author": "A Nalbandian", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "601", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "Nat Med", "key": "5376_CR36", "unstructured": "Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601–15.", "volume": "27", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.317997", "author": "MK Chung", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1214", "issue": "8", "journal-title": "Circ Res", "key": "5376_CR37", "unstructured": "Chung MK, Zidar DA, Bristow MR, Cameron SJ, Chan T, Harding CV 3rd, et al. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from bench to bedside. Circ Res. 2021;128(8):1214–36.", "volume": "128", "year": "2021" }, { "author": "B Siripanthong", "first-page": "294", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "JACC: Basic to Translational Science", "key": "5376_CR38", "unstructured": "Siripanthong B, Asatryan B, Hanff TC, Chatha SR, Khanji MY, Ricci F, et al. The pathogenesis and long-term consequences of COVID-19 cardiac injury. JACC: Basic to Translational Science. 2022;7(3):294–308.", "volume": "7", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41586-021-03570-8", "author": "TM Delorey", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "107", "issue": "7865", "journal-title": "Nature", "key": "5376_CR39", "unstructured": "Delorey TM, Ziegler CGK, Heimberg G, Normand R, Yang Y, Segerstolpe Å, et al. COVID-19 tissue atlases reveal SARS-CoV-2 pathology and cellular targets. Nature. 2021;595(7865):107–13.", "volume": "595", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557", "author": "VO Puntmann", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1265", "issue": "11", "journal-title": "JAMA Cardiol", "key": "5376_CR40", "unstructured": "Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, et al. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(11):1265–73.", "volume": "5", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/eurheartj/ehab075", "author": "T Kotecha", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1866", "issue": "19", "journal-title": "Eur Heart J", "key": "5376_CR41", "unstructured": "Kotecha T, Knight DS, Razvi Y, Kumar K, Vimalesvaran K, Thornton G, et al. Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(19):1866–78.", "volume": "42", "year": "2021" }, { "author": "L Schnekenberg", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "J Cardiovasc Dev Dis", "key": "5376_CR42", "unstructured": "Schnekenberg L, Sedghi A, Schoene D, Pallesen LP, Barlinn J, Woitek F, et al. Assessment and therapeutic modulation of heart rate variability: potential implications in patients with COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2023;10(7):297.", "volume": "10", "year": "2023" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s11606-021-07238-x", "author": "F Sanz", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "1014", "issue": "4", "journal-title": "J Gen Intern Med", "key": "5376_CR43", "unstructured": "Sanz F, Puchades F, Melero J, Fernández-Fabrellas E, Tamarit JJ, Deltoro MG. Acute myocardial injury during SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and long-term prognosis. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(4):1014–6.", "volume": "37", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1161/JAHA.121.022010", "author": "B Weber", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Am Heart Assoc", "key": "5376_CR44", "unstructured": "Weber B, Siddiqi H, Zhou G, Vieira J, Kim A, Rutherford H, et al. Relationship between myocardial injury during index hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection and longer-term outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(1):e022010.", "volume": "11", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41569-021-00631-3", "author": "BA Satterfield", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "332", "issue": "5", "journal-title": "Nat Rev Cardiol", "key": "5376_CR45", "unstructured": "Satterfield BA, Bhatt DL, Gersh BJ. Cardiac involvement in the long-term implications of COVID-19. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19(5):332–41.", "volume": "19", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1002/joa3.12253", "author": "G Bazoukis", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "105", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "J Arrhythm", "key": "5376_CR46", "unstructured": "Bazoukis G, Yeung C, Wui Hang Ho R, Varrias D, Papadatos S, Lee S, et al. Association of QT dispersion with mortality and arrhythmic events-a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Arrhythm. 2019;36(1):105–15.", "volume": "36", "year": "2019" }, { "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107155", "author": "A Dashtban", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "Int J Infect Dis", "key": "5376_CR47", "unstructured": "Dashtban A, Mizani MA, Pasea L, Tomlinson C, Mu Y, Islam N, et al. Vaccinations, cardiovascular drugs, hospitalization, and mortality in COVID-19 and long COVID. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;146:107155.", "volume": "146", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/biomethods/bpae070", "author": "P Mfouth Kemajou", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "Biol Methods Protoc", "key": "5376_CR48", "unstructured": "Mfouth Kemajou P, Mbanya A, Coppieters Y. Digital approaches in post-COVID healthcare: a systematic review of technological innovations in disease management. Biol Methods Protoc. 2024;9(1):bpae070.", "volume": "9", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/biom14070835", "author": "R Ashmawy", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "Biomolecules", "key": "5376_CR49", "unstructured": "Ashmawy R, Hammouda EA, El-Maradny YA, Aboelsaad I, Hussein M, Uversky VN, et al. Interplay between comorbidities and long COVID: challenges and multidisciplinary approaches. Biomolecules. 2024;14(7):835.", "volume": "14", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12872-024-03916-w", "author": "P Azami", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMC Cardiovasc Disord", "key": "5376_CR50", "unstructured": "Azami P, Vafa RG, Heydarzadeh R, Sadeghi M, Amiri F, Azadian A, et al. Evaluation of blood pressure variation in recovered COVID-19 patients at one-year follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2024;24(1):240.", "volume": "24", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12916-024-03328-9", "author": "V -Trimarco", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "127", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMC Med", "key": "5376_CR51", "unstructured": "-Trimarco V, Izzo R, Pacella D, Trama U, Manzi MV, Lombardi A, et al. Incidence of new-onset hypertension before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a 7-year longitudinal cohort study in a large population. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):127.", "volume": "22", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.3390/ijms21186471", "author": "J Lumpuy-Castillo", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "18", "journal-title": "Int J Mol Sci", "key": "5376_CR52", "unstructured": "Lumpuy-Castillo J, Lorenzo-Almorós A, Pello-Lázaro AM, Sánchez-Ferrer C, Egido J, Tuñón J, et al. Cardiovascular damage in COVID-19: therapeutic approaches targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(18):6471.", "volume": "21", "year": "2020" }, { "DOI": "10.1007/s12012-021-09703-9", "author": "M Nabati", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "268", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Cardiovasc Toxicol", "key": "5376_CR53", "unstructured": "Nabati M, Parsaee H. Potential cardiotoxic effects of remdesivir on cardiovascular system: a literature review. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2022;22(3):268–72.", "volume": "22", "year": "2022" }, { "DOI": "10.1038/s41401-024-01382-w", "author": "E Chen", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "554", "issue": "3", "journal-title": "Acta Pharmacol Sin", "key": "5376_CR54", "unstructured": "Chen E, Xi L. Cardiovascular adverse effects of antiviral therapies for COVID-19: evidence and plausible mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2025;46(3):554–64.", "volume": "46", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089977", "author": "C Yang", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "7", "journal-title": "BMJ Open", "key": "5376_CR55", "unstructured": "Yang C, Lapp L, Amstutz A, Briel M, Shannon CP, Zhao H, et al. Cardiac adverse events associated with remdesivir in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2025;15(7):e089977.", "volume": "15", "year": "2025" }, { "DOI": "10.1093/cid/ciae170", "author": "V Terzić", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "first-page": "382", "issue": "2", "journal-title": "Clin Infect Dis", "key": "5376_CR56", "unstructured": "Terzić V, Miantezila Basilua J, Billard N, de Gastines L, Belhadi D, Fougerou-Leurent C, et al. Cardiac adverse events and remdesivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a post hoc safety analysis of the randomized DisCoVeRy Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;79(2):382–91.", "volume": "79", "year": "2024" }, { "DOI": "10.1186/s12872-020-01788-4", "author": "P Khalili", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "issue": "1", "journal-title": "BMC Cardiovasc Disord", "key": "5376_CR57", "unstructured": "Khalili P, Ayoobi F, Mohamadi M, Jamalizadeh A, La Vecchia C, Esmaeili-Nadimi A. Effect of opium consumption on cardiovascular diseases - a cross- sectional study based on data of Rafsanjan cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1):2.", "volume": "21", "year": "2021" }, { "DOI": "10.1136/bmj.e2502", "author": "H Khademi", "doi-asserted-by": "publisher", "journal-title": "BMJ", "key": "5376_CR58", "unstructured": "Khademi H, Malekzadeh R, Pourshams A, Jafari E, Salahi R, Semnani S, et al. Opium use and mortality in Golestan Cohort Study: prospective cohort study of 50,000 adults in Iran. BMJ. 2012;344:e2502.", "volume": "344", "year": "2012" } ], "reference-count": 58, "references-count": 58, "relation": {}, "resource": { "primary": { "URL": "https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s12872-025-05376-2" } }, "score": 1, "short-title": [], "source": "Crossref", "subject": [], "subtitle": [], "title": "High incidence of post-discharge cardiovascular mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization: a data-linkage study in Southern Iran", "type": "journal-article", "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy", "volume": "26" }
Late treatment
is less effective
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 200,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. IMA and WCH provide treatment protocols.
  or use drag and drop   
Submit