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23 azithromycin COVID-19 controlled studies, 8 RCTs
29% improvement
for early treatment, RR
0.71
[0.60-0.84]
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2+
Q-PROTECT
Omrani (DB RCT)
-33%
1.33 [0.30-5.86]
hosp.
4/152
3/152
Improvement, RR [CI]
Treatment
Control
Q-PROTECT
Omrani (DB RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.04-3.17]
progression
1/152
3/152
Q-PROTECT
Omrani (DB RCT)
-100%
2.00 [0.51-7.85]
no recov.
6/152
3/152
Q-PROTECT
Omrani (DB RCT)
-4%
1.04 [0.89-1.22]
viral load
152 (n)
152 (n)
Madamombe
40%
0.60 [0.40-0.98]
death
672 (all patients)
Lounnas (PSM)
27%
0.73 [0.61-0.87]
death/ICU
n/a
n/a
Kuderer
-27%
1.27 [0.67-2.32]
death
12/93
41/486
Kuderer
-152%
2.52 [1.68-3.63]
death
45/181
41/486
COALITION I
Cavalcanti (RCT)
57%
0.43 [0.13-1.45]
death
5/172
7/159
COALITION I
Cavalcanti (RCT)
45%
0.55 [0.13-2.28]
death
3/172
5/159
COALITION I
Cavalcanti (RCT)
-54%
1.54 [0.71-3.35]
ventilation
19/172
12/159
COALITION I
Cavalcanti (RCT)
18%
0.82 [0.47-1.43]
7-point status
172 (n)
159 (n)
COALITION II
Furtado (RCT)
-8%
1.08 [0.79-1.47]
death
90/214
73/183
COALITION II
Furtado (RCT)
-3%
1.03 [0.76-1.38]
death
66/214
55/183
COALITION II
Furtado (RCT)
30%
0.70 [0.47-1.04]
misc.
214 (n)
183 (n)
COALITION II
Furtado (RCT)
26%
0.74 [0.51-1.06]
misc.
214 (n)
183 (n)
Sekhavati (RCT)
67%
0.33 [0.01-7.96]
death
0/56
1/55
Sekhavati (RCT)
86%
0.14 [0.01-2.68]
ventilation
0/56
3/55
Sekhavati (RCT)
72%
0.28 [0.06-1.29]
ICU
2/56
7/55
Sekhavati (RCT)
23%
0.77 [0.62-0.96]
hosp. time
56 (n)
55 (n)
Yeramaneni
7%
0.93 [0.49-1.78]
death
4,003 (n)
3,155 (n)
RECOVERY
Abaleke (RCT)
3%
0.97 [0.87-1.07]
death
561/2,430
1,162/4,881
RECOVERY
Abaleke (RCT)
3%
0.97 [0.88-1.07]
death
496/2,430
1,028/4,881
RECOVERY
Abaleke (RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.79-1.07]
ventilation
211/2,430
461/4,881
PRINCIPLE
Butler (RCT)
50%
0.50 [0.10-2.59]
ventilation
2/496
5/625
PRINCIPLE
Butler (RCT)
24%
0.76 [0.18-3.15]
ICU
3/495
5/625
PRINCIPLE
Butler (RCT)
16%
0.84 [0.38-1.85]
oxygen
10/497
15/625
PRINCIPLE
Butler (RCT)
9%
0.91 [0.49-1.72]
hosp.
16/500
22/629
PRINCIPLE
Butler (RCT)
7%
0.93 [0.81-1.05]
no recov.
500 (n)
823 (n)
ACTION
Oldenburg (DB RCT)
-788%
8.88 [0.50-158]
hosp.
5/125
0/72
ACTION
Oldenburg (DB RCT)
-418%
5.18 [1.24-21.7]
misc.
18/125
2/72
ACTION
Oldenburg (DB RCT)
1%
0.99 [0.74-1.33]
no recov.
65/131
35/70
ACTION
Oldenburg (DB RCT)
12%
0.88 [0.51-1.50]
transmission
33/522
20/278
ATOMIC2
Hinks (RCT)
-1%
1.01 [0.06-16.1]
death
1/145
1/147
ATOMIC2
Hinks (RCT)
1%
0.99 [0.49-2.00]
death/hosp.
15/145
17/147
ATOMIC2
Hinks (RCT)
8%
0.92 [0.45-1.77]
death/hosp.
15/145
17/147
ATOMIC2
Hinks (RCT)
80%
0.20 [0.01-4.05]
progression
0/119
2/114
AlQadheeb (ICU)
-22%
1.22 [0.96-1.55]
death
467/775
36/73
ICU patients
Yilgwan
67%
0.33 [0.19-0.58]
death
1,619 (n)
1,843 (n)
Atefi
85%
0.15 [0.01-2.63]
death
0/18
4/42
Mehrizi
32%
0.68 [0.66-0.70]
death
population-based cohort
Donida
7%
0.93 [0.56-1.57]
death
180/548
101/175
Traore
69%
0.31 [0.10-0.97]
death
n/a
n/a
Dinoi
28%
0.72 [0.50-1.04]
death
case control
PiƱana
58%
0.42 [0.20-0.89]
death
n/a
n/a
Huh
-54%
1.54 [0.48-2.65]
progression
3/6
875/2,799
Huh
42%
0.58 [0.30-1.12]
cases
case control
Loucera
15%
0.85 [0.76-0.95]
death
2,465 (n)
13,503 (n)
Dugot
12%
0.88 [0.83-0.94]
cases
case control
Azithromycin COVID-19 outcomes
c19 early .org
February 2025
Favors azithromycin
Favors control
Figure S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies.
For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.
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