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Evaluation of Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy Treatment of COVID- 19 Infection Using Oral Levamisole and Formoterol+Budesonide Inhaler and Comparison of This Treatment Protocol With Standard National Treatment of the Disease

Afazeli et al., NCT04331470, NCT04331470

May 2020

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Budesonide for COVID-19

19th treatment shown to reduce risk in April 2021

^*, now with p = 0.0000011 from 15 studies, recognized in 8 countries.

Lower risk for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, progression, recovery, and cases.

No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments. ^* >10% efficacy, ≥3 studies.

4,500+ studies for 81 treatments. c19early.org

Estimated 30 patient budesonide early treatment RCT with results not reported over 4 years after estimated completion.

4 budesonide RCTs have results missing long after expected1-4
The trials report a total of 916 patients, with 1 trial having actual enrollment of 146, and the remainder estimated.

Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.

1. Marcy et al., Early Treatment of Vulnerable Individuals With Non-Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Multi-Arm Multi-Stage Randomized Trial (MAMS) to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Several Specific Treatments in Reducing the Risk of Clinical Worsening or Death in Sub-Saharan Africa (COVERAGE-Africa), NCT04920838, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04920838.clinicaltrials.gov.

2. Korea United Pharm., A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of UI030 in COVID-19 Patients, NCT05055414, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05055414.clinicaltrials.gov.

3. Taille et al., Protective Role of Inhaled Steroids for Covid-19 Infection, NCT04331054, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04331054.clinicaltrials.gov.

4. Afazeli et al., Evaluation of Efficacy of Pharmacotherapy Treatment of COVID- 19 Infection Using Oral Levamisole and Formoterol+Budesonide Inhaler and Comparison of This Treatment Protocol With Standard National Treatment of the Disease, NCT04331470, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04331470.clinicaltrials.gov.

Afazeli et al., 20 May 2020, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Iran, trial NCT04331470 (history). Contact: Dr.afazeli@gmail.com, farjam.md@gmail.com, info@fums.ac.ir.

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Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.

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