N-Acetyl Cysteine Restores the Diminished Activity of the Antioxidant Enzymatic System Caused by SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Preliminary Findings

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 15]], 'date-time': '2023-04-15T04:50:08Z', 'timestamp': 1681534208293}, 'reference-count': 55, 'publisher': 'MDPI AG', 'issue': '4', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 14]], 'date-time': '2023-04-14T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1681430400000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'funder': [{'name': 'Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) México', 'award': ['312167']}], 'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False}, 'abstract': '<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infects type II pneumocytes and disrupts redox homeostasis by ' 'overproducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a precursor of the ' 'synthesis of glutathione (GSH) and it restores the loss of redox homeostasis associated to ' 'viral infections. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of the treatment with NAC on ' 'the enzymatic antioxidant system in serum from patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. We evaluated ' 'the enzymatic activities of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ' '-S-transferase (GST), and reductase (GR) by spectrophotometry and the concentrations of the ' 'glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiols, nitrites (NO2–), and lipid ' 'peroxidation (LPO) in serum. The activity of the extracellular super oxide dismutase (ecSOD) ' 'was determined by native polyacrylamide gels, and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) was measured by ' 'ELISA. A decrease in the activities of the ecSOD, TrxR, GPx, GST GR, (p = 0 ≤ 0.1), and the ' 'GSH, TAC, thiols, and NO2– (p ≤ 0.001) concentrations and an increase in LPO and 3-NT (p = ' '0.001) concentrations were found in COVID-19 patients vs. healthy subjects. The treatment ' 'with NAC as an adjuvant therapy may contribute to a reduction in the OS associated to the ' 'infection by SARS-CoV-2 through the generation of GSH. GSH promotes the metabolic pathways ' 'that depend on it, thus contributing to an increase in TAC and to restore redox ' 'homeostasis.</jats:p>', 'DOI': '10.3390/ph16040591', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 14]], 'date-time': '2023-04-14T14:29:16Z', 'timestamp': 1681482556000}, 'page': '591', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'N-Acetyl Cysteine Restores the Diminished Activity of the Antioxidant Enzymatic System Caused by ' 'SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Preliminary Findings', 'prefix': '10.3390', 'volume': '16', 'author': [ { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1332-2888', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'María Elena', 'family': 'Soto', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ' 'Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico ' 'City 14080, Mexico'}]}, { 'given': 'Linaloe', 'family': 'Manzano-Pech', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de ' 'Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico'}]}, { 'given': 'Adrían', 'family': 'Palacios-Chavarría', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex ' 'Center, Mexico City 11200, Mexico'}]}, { 'given': 'Rafael Ricardo', 'family': 'Valdez-Vázquez', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex ' 'Center, Mexico City 11200, Mexico'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2655-7590', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Verónica', 'family': 'Guarner-Lans', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ' 'Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico ' 'City 14080, Mexico'}]}, { 'ORCID': 'http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6510-2954', 'authenticated-orcid': False, 'given': 'Israel', 'family': 'Pérez-Torres', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': [ { 'name': 'Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ' 'Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico ' 'City 14080, Mexico'}]}], 'member': '1968', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 4, 14]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref_1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'first-page': '667024', 'DOI': '10.3389/fphys.2021.667024', 'article-title': 'Alteration in the lipid profile and the desaturases activity in ' 'patients with severe pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2', 'volume': '12', 'year': '2021', 'journal-title': 'Front. 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