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Vitamin D levels and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2 in children: A longitudinal cohort study

Peng et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.960859
Jul 2022  
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Vitamin D for COVID-19
8th treatment shown to reduce risk in October 2020, now with p < 0.00000000001 from 122 studies, recognized in 9 countries.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine treatments.
5,100+ studies for 110 treatments. c19early.org
Retrospective 116 hospitalized pediatric patients in China, showing accelerated viral clearance early in the disease course, and greater pneumonia lesion improvement with vitamin D sufficiency.
Peng et al., 25 Jul 2022, retrospective, China, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
This PaperVitamin DAll
Laurent Hi, William B Grant, Yingxia Liu, Peng D Huang, Denggao Peng, Hua Huang, Zhichao Liu, Yanzhang Gao
Conclusions: Children with vitamin D insu ciency might have poorer clinical outcomes in Omicron subvariant BA. infection, especially in older pediatric patients. Further studies are needed to assess e ectiveness of supplements in reducing the same.
Ethics statement This investigation involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (Approval Number: 2022-012). Written informed consent for participation was not provided by the participants' legal guardians/next of kin because: Written informed consent from patients participating in this study was waived in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements. Author contributions DP: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, writing the original draft, and visualization. HH and ZL: investigation, formal analysis, and data curation. YL: conceptualization, investigation, review and editing, and supervision. ZL, YG, and HH: worked on conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, and data curation. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript version to be submitted. Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Supplementary material..
References
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Antoniak, Mackman, Multiple roles of the coagulation protease cascade during virus infection, Blood, doi:10.1182/blood-2013-09-526277
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Maghbooli, Sahraian, Ebrahimi, Pazoki, Kafan et al., Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection, Bratisl Lek Listy, doi:10.4149/BLL_2021_119
Martineau, Jolliffe, Hooper, Greenberg, Aloia et al., Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data, Nutrients, doi:10.3390/nu12040988
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Rössler, Riepler, Bante, Laer, Kimpel, SARS-CoV-2
Salamanna, Maglio, Sartori, Landini, Fini et al., Symptom prevalence, duration, and risk of hospital admission in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 during periods of omicron and delta variant dominance: a prospective observational study from the ZOE COVID Study, Int J Mol Sci, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00327-0
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All included hospitalized cases were ' 'divided into the sufficient (sVD) and insufficient vitamin D (iVD) groups according to ' 'whether their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration was ≥30 ng/mL. Dynamic ' 'changes in clinical parameters were observed for seven time periods within 28 days after ' 'admission.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Serum 25(OH)D ' 'concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with age in the included cases ' '(<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = −0.6; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Compared ' 'with the iVD group (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 80), the sVD group ' '(<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 36) had higher interleukin-6 (18.4 vs. 12.9; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.003) within the first day; higher procalcitonin within the ' 'first (0.15 vs. 0.1; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.03), 2–3 (0.14 vs. 0.07; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.03), 4–5 (0.21 vs. 0.07; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = ' '0.02) days; more lymphocytes within the first (1.6 vs. 1.2; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = ' '0.02), 2–3 (3.7 vs. 2; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.001), 4–5 (3.9 vs. 2.1; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.01) and 6–7 (4.9 vs. 2.7; <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = ' '0.02) days; notably, higher cycle threshold for N gene (30.6 vs 19.8; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.03) or ORF1ab gene (31.4 vs 20.1; ' '<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.03) within 2 to 3 days. Pneumonia lesions were found in ' 'eleven and six cases in the iVD and sVD groups, respectively, without significant difference ' 'on computed tomography at admission. Six out of eleven and five out of six had a repeat ' 'computed tomography after 1–2 weeks. Lesion improvement was more significant in the sVD group ' '(<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = ' '0.04).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Children with ' 'vitamin D insufficiency might have poorer clinical outcomes in Omicron subvariant BA.2 ' 'infection, especially in older pediatric patients. Further studies are needed to assess ' 'effectiveness of supplements in reducing the same.</jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2022.960859', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2022, 7, 25]], 'date-time': '2022-07-25T08:34:57Z', 'timestamp': 1658738097000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Vitamin D levels and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2 in children: A ' 'longitudinal cohort study', 'prefix': '10.3389', 'volume': '9', 'author': [ {'given': 'Denggao', 'family': 'Peng', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Hua', 'family': 'Huang', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Zhichao', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yanzhang', 'family': 'Gao', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Yingxia', 'family': 'Liu', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 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