Deficiency of antioxidants and increased oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional comparative study in Jigawa, Northwestern Nigeria
Muhammad et al.,
Deficiency of antioxidants and increased oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional comparative..,
SAGE Open Medicine, doi:10.1177/2050312121991246
Case control study with 50 symptomatic COVID-19 patients and 21 healthy controls in Nigeria, showing that COVID-19 patients had significantly lower levels of selenium and zinc, and vitamins A, C, and E. Control patients were younger than COVID-19 patients. The p value for zinc in Table 2 appears to be a typo.
Muhammad et al., 1 Feb 2021, Nigeria, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
Contact:
yahyoukhan@gmail.com.
Abstract: 991246
research-article2021
SMO0010.1177/2050312121991246SAGE Open MedicineMuhammad et al.
SAGE Open Medicine
Original Research Article
Deficiency of antioxidants and increased
oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients:
A cross-sectional comparative study in
Jigawa, Northwestern Nigeria
SAGE Open Medicine
Volume 9: 1–8
© The Author(s) 2021
Article reuse guidelines:
sagepub.com/journals-permissions
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312121991246
DOI: 10.1177/2050312121991246
journals.sagepub.com/home/smo
Yahaya Muhammad1 , Yamuna Aminu Kani2, Sani Iliya3 ,
Jafaru Bunza Muhammad4, Abubakar Binji5,
Abdurrahman El-Fulaty Ahmad6 , Muhd Bashir Kabir7,
Kabir Umar Bindawa6 and Armaya’u Yelwa Ahmed8
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 is a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 which has infected over 74 million people, killing
more than 1,600,000 million people around the world as of 17th December 2020. Accumulation of free radicals coupled by
weakened antioxidant system leads to oxidative stress, which will further worsen respiratory diseases, COVID-19 inclusive.
This study aimed to examine the levels of some antioxidants and oxidative stress markers in COVID-19 patients.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative study in which 50 COVID-19 symptomatic patients who were on admission
at the COVID-19 isolation center in Jigawa, Northwestern Nigeria, were recruited. Twenty one (21) apparently healthy
individuals were included as controls. Levels of antioxidant trace elements (Se, Zn, Mg, Cu and Cr), 8-isoprostaglandin
F2 alpha and malondialdehyde in the plasma and erythrocytes activity of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide
dismutase and catalase were determined.
Results: The plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C and E were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients
than controls. Activities of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase were lower in COVID-19
subjects than controls (p < 0.001). The concentrations of Se, Zn, Mg and Cu were significantly lower (p < 0.001; p = 0.039;
p < 0.001; and p < 0.001), respectively, in COVID-19 patients than controls, while chromium showed no significant difference
(p = 0.605). Oxidative stress marker, 8-isoprostaglandin F2 alpha, was significantly higher (p = 0.049), while malondialdehyde
was lower (p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients than controls.
Conclusion: In conclusion, COVID-19 patients are prone to depleted levels of antioxidant substances due to their increase
utilization in counterbalancing the negative effect of free radicals. Furthermore, COVID-19 infection with other comorbidities,
such as malaria, hypertension and diabetes, are at higher risk of developing oxidative stress.
Keywords
COVID-19, antioxidants, free radicals, vitamin A, Nigeria
Date received: 17 October 2020; accepted: 6 January 2021
1
epartment of Chemical Pathology, Rasheed Shekoni Teaching Hospital
D
Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
2
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Federal University Dutse,
Dutse, Nigeria
3
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences,
Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
4
Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Laboratory
Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
5
Health Without Gaps (HWG) Foundation, Hopkins, MN, USA
6
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ahmadu Bello University
Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
7
Department of Biotechnology, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
Department of Chemical..
muhammad
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