Potent Antiviral Activity of Vitamin B12 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus 229E
Yassmin Moatasim, Omnia Kutkat, Ahmed M Osman, Mokhtar R Gomaa, Faten Okda, Mohamed El Sayes, Mina Nabil Kamel, Mohamed Gaballah, Ahmed Mostafa, Rabeh El-Shesheny, Ghazi Kayali, Mohamed A Ali, Ahmed Kandeil
Microorganisms, doi:10.3390/microorganisms11112777
Repurposing vitamins as antiviral supporting agents is a rapid approach used to control emerging viral infections. Although there is considerable evidence supporting the use of vitamin supplementation in viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the specific role of each vitamin in defending against coronaviruses remains unclear. Antiviral activities of available vitamins on the infectivity and replication of human coronaviruses, namely, SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), were investigated using in silico and in vitro studies. We identified potential broad-spectrum inhibitor effects of Hydroxocobalamin and Methylcobalamin against the three tested CoVs. Cyanocobalamin could selectively affect SARS-CoV-2 but not MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E. Methylcobalamin showed significantly higher inhibition values on SARS-CoV-2 compared with Hydroxocobalamin and Cyanocobalamin, while Hydroxocobalamin showed the highest potent antiviral activity against MERS-CoV and Cyanocobalamin against HCoV-229E. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed for these promising vitamins to investigate their interaction with SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-229E viral-specific cell receptors (ACE2, DPP4, and hAPN protein, respectively) and viral proteins (S-RBD, 3CL pro, RdRp), suggesting that Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin, and Cyanocobalamin may have significant binding affinity to these proteins. These results show that Methylcobalamin may have potential benefits for coronavirus-infected patients.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/microorganisms11112777/s1, Figure S1 : antiviral activities of B-Com against SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV by plaque reduction assay; Table S1 : Binding energies (as Docking and Glide scores) of the tested vitamins against RBD and spike proteins correlated with the three coronaviruses; Table S2 : Binding energies (as Docking and Glide scores) of the tested vitamins against 3C-like protease (3CLpro) or main protease correlated with the three coronaviruses; Table S3 : Binding energies (as Docking and Glide scores) of the tested vitamins against RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)correlated with the three coronaviruses; Tables S4: Binding energies (as Docking and Glide scores) of the tested vitamins against human cell receptors correlated with the three coronaviruses.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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'abstract': '<jats:p>Repurposing vitamins as antiviral supporting agents is a rapid approach used to '
'control emerging viral infections. Although there is considerable evidence supporting the use '
'of vitamin supplementation in viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome '
'coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the specific role of each vitamin in defending against '
'coronaviruses remains unclear. Antiviral activities of available vitamins on the infectivity '
'and replication of human coronaviruses, namely, SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome '
'coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), were investigated using in '
'silico and in vitro studies. We identified potential broad-spectrum inhibitor effects of '
'Hydroxocobalamin and Methylcobalamin against the three tested CoVs. Cyanocobalamin could '
'selectively affect SARS-CoV-2 but not MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E. Methylcobalamin showed '
'significantly higher inhibition values on SARS-CoV-2 compared with Hydroxocobalamin and '
'Cyanocobalamin, while Hydroxocobalamin showed the highest potent antiviral activity against '
'MERS-CoV and Cyanocobalamin against HCoV-229E. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed '
'for these promising vitamins to investigate their interaction with SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and '
'HCoV-229E viral-specific cell receptors (ACE2, DPP4, and hAPN protein, respectively) and '
'viral proteins (S-RBD, 3CL pro, RdRp), suggesting that Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin, and '
'Cyanocobalamin may have significant binding affinity to these proteins. These results show '
'that Methylcobalamin may have potential benefits for coronavirus-infected patients.</jats:p>',
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