Association of dietary intake of polyphenols, lignans, and phytosterols with immune-stimulating microbiota and COVID-19 risk in a group of Polish men and women

{ 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 4]], 'date-time': '2023-08-04T04:27:03Z', 'timestamp': 1691123223844}, 'reference-count': 90, 'publisher': 'Frontiers Media SA', 'license': [ { 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 3]], 'date-time': '2023-08-03T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1691020800000}, 'content-version': 'vor', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'URL': 'https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/'}], 'content-domain': {'domain': ['frontiersin.org'], 'crossmark-restriction': True}, 'abstract': '<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>Devastating consequences of COVID-19 ' 'disease enhanced the role of promoting prevention-focused practices. Among targeted efforts, ' 'diet is regarded as one of the potential factors which can affect immune function and optimal ' 'nutrition is postulated as the method of augmentation of people’s viral resistance. As ' 'epidemiological evidence is scarce, the present study aimed to explore the association ' 'between dietary intake of total polyphenols, lignans and plant sterols and the abundance of ' 'immunomodulatory gut microbiota such as Enterococcus spp. and <jats:italic>Escherichia ' 'coli</jats:italic> and the risk of developing COVID-19 ' 'disease.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Demographic ' 'data, dietary habits, physical activity as well as the composition of body and gut microbiota ' 'were analyzed in a sample of 95 young healthy individuals. Dietary polyphenol, lignan and ' 'plant sterol intakes have been retrieved based on the amount of food consumed by the ' 'participants, the phytochemical content was assessed in laboratory analysis and using ' 'available databases.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>For ' 'all investigated polyphenols and phytosterols, except campesterol, every unit increase in the ' 'tertile of intake category was associated with a decrease in the odds of contracting ' 'COVID-19. The risk reduction ranged from several dozen percent to 70 %, depending on the ' 'individual plant-based chemical, and after controlling for basic covariates it was ' 'statistically significant for secoisolariciresinol (OR\u2009=\u20090.28, 95% CI: 0.11–0.61), ' 'total phytosterols (OR\u2009=\u20090.47, 95% CI: 0.22–0.95) and for stigmasterols (OR\u2009' '=\u20090.34, 95% CI: 0.14–0.72). We found an inverse association between increased ' 'β-sitosterol intake and phytosterols in total and the occurrence of <jats:italic>Escherichia ' 'coli</jats:italic> in stool samples outside reference values, with 72% (OR\u2009=\u20090.28, ' '95% CI: 0.08–0.86) and 66% (OR\u2009=\u20090.34, 95% CI: 0.10–1.08) reduced odds of abnormal ' 'level of bacteria for the highest compared with the lowest tertile of phytochemical ' 'consumption. Additionally, there was a trend of more frequent presence of Enterococcus spp. ' 'at relevant level in people with a higher intake of ' 'lariciresinol.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>The ' 'beneficial effects of polyphenols and phytosterols should be emphasized and these plant-based ' 'compounds should be regarded in the context of their utility as antiviral agents preventing ' 'influenza-type infections.</jats:p></jats:sec>', 'DOI': '10.3389/fnut.2023.1241016', 'type': 'journal-article', 'created': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 3]], 'date-time': '2023-08-03T12:12:00Z', 'timestamp': 1691064720000}, 'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/crossmark-policy', 'source': 'Crossref', 'is-referenced-by-count': 0, 'title': 'Association of dietary intake of polyphenols, lignans, and phytosterols with immune-stimulating ' 'microbiota and COVID-19 risk in a group of Polish men and women', 'prefix': '10.3389', 'volume': '10', 'author': [ {'given': 'Agnieszka', 'family': 'Micek', 'sequence': 'first', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Izabela', 'family': 'Bolesławska', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Paweł', 'family': 'Jagielski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Kamil', 'family': 'Konopka', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Anna', 'family': 'Waśkiewicz', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Anna Maria', 'family': 'Witkowska', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Juliusz', 'family': 'Przysławski', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}, {'given': 'Justyna', 'family': 'Godos', 'sequence': 'additional', 'affiliation': []}], 'member': '1965', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2023, 8, 3]]}, 'reference': [ { 'key': 'ref1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher', 'first-page': '119', 'DOI': '10.34172/hpp.2021.17', 'article-title': 'Nutritional approach for increasing public health during pandemic of ' 'COVID-19: a comprehensive 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