Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses
Tom Jefferson, Liz Dooley, Eliana Ferroni, Lubna A Al-Ansary, Mieke L Van Driel, Ghada A Bawazeer, Mark A Jones, Tammy C Hoffmann, Justin Clark, Elaine M Beller, Paul P Glasziou, John M Conly
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006207.pub6
Background Viral epidemics or pandemics of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) pose a global threat. Examples are influenza (H1N1) caused by the H1N1pdm09 virus in 2009, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Antiviral drugs and vaccines may be insu icient to prevent their spread. This is an update of a Cochrane Review last published in 2020. We include results from studies from the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Objectives To assess the e ectiveness of physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of acute respiratory viruses.
Search methods We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and two trials registers in October 2022, with backwards and forwards citation analysis on the new studies.
Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs investigating physical interventions (screening at entry ports, isolation, quarantine, physical distancing, personal protection, hand hygiene, face masks, glasses, and gargling) to prevent respiratory virus transmission.
Data collection and analysis We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures.
Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (Review)
Authors' conclusions The high risk of bias in the trials, variation in outcome measurement, and relatively low adherence with the interventions during the studies hampers drawing firm conclusions. There were additional RCTs during the pandemic related to physical interventions but a relative paucity given the importance of the question of masking and its relative e ectiveness and the concomitant measures of mask adherence which would be highly relevant to the measurement of e ectiveness, especially in the elderly and in young children. There is uncertainty about the e ects of face masks. The low to moderate certainty of evidence means our confidence in the e ect estimate is limited, and that the true e ect may be di erent from the observed estimate of the e ect. The pooled results of RCTs did not show a clear reduction in respiratory viral infection with the use of medical/surgical masks. There were no clear di erences between the use
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F S T U D I E S
Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Study characteristics
Methods Cluster-RCT Randomisation unit: villages (N = 600) Intervention duration: 8 weeks "Our intervention was designed to last 8 weeks in each village"
Participants Inclusion criteria: community level participants Intervention = 178,322 individuals, control = 163,861 individuals (Total N = 342,183 adults) Interventions 2 types of mask used: surgical and cloth masks PLUS a brief video of notable..
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