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Supplementary Data — Iota-carrageenan for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 1 study

@CovidAnalysis, November 2026, Version 3V3 (V1 2021)

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Iota-carrageenan COVID-19 outcomes

c19early.org

November 2026

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Carvallo96%0.04 · 0.00–0.63cases0/13111/98EXCLUDEDCT¹ Carvallo100%0.00 · 0.00–0.02cases0/788237/407EXCLUDEDCT¹ Figueroa (DB RCT)80%0.20 · 0.05–0.78symp. case2/19610/198CARR-COV-02

00.511.52+

¹ CT: study uses combined treatment

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← Iota-carrageenan
reduces riskIota-carrageenan
increases risk →

Fig. S1. All outcomes.

Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.

Most accessed treatments

Antiviral effects

Vitamins & Minerals

Host endosomal entry / trafficking

Dual-action mAbs

RdRp

Nasal & Oral Sprays / Rinses

Analgesics

Antiandrogens

Host targets and pathways

Inflammatory and immune modulation

Mpro (Gen 1)

Oxidative stress and cytoprotection

Lifestyles

TMPRSS2

Spike neutralization

Replication inhibition (target unresolved)

COVID-19 mAbs

Pleiotropic modulation

Attachment / entry inhibition

Mpro (Gen 2)

H1RAs

Nutrients and microbiome support

Host mAbs

IL-6 / IL-6R blockade

Physical and extracorporeal interventions

Natural products and extracts

Symptom management

Unconfirmed antiviral rationale

Lifestyle, behaviors, and exposure prevention

Other complication management

Mpro / 3CLpro

Host pyrimidine synthesis

Direct viral inactivation

Endothelial / vascular protection

Direct respiratory tract treatments

Other antibodies, proteins, peptides, cells, and RNA therapies

Secondary infection and coinfection management

Supplementary Data — Iota-carrageenan for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 1 study

Iota-carrageenan COVID-19 outcomes