Supplementary Data — Iota-carrageenan for COVID-19: real-time meta-analysis of 1 study

@CovidAnalysis, October 2026, Version 3V3 (V1 2021)

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c19early.org

October 2026

Iota-carrageenan COVID-19 outcomes

StudyImprovementRR · 95% CIOutcomeTreatmentControlRelative Risk

Carvallo96%0.04 · 0.00–0.63cases0/13111/98EXCLUDEDCT¹ Carvallo100%0.00 · 0.00–0.02cases0/788237/407EXCLUDEDCT¹ Figueroa (DB RCT)80%0.20 · 0.05–0.78symp. case2/19610/198CARR-COV-02

00.511.52+

¹ CT: study uses combined treatment

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← Iota-carrageenan
reduces riskIota-carrageenan
increases risk →

Fig. S1. All outcomes.

Fig. S2. Comparison of results for RCTs versus observational studies. For COVID-19 treatments, there is no significant difference between the results of RCTs and observational studies. Observational studies do not systematically over or underestimate efficacy. For high-cost treatments, there is a non-significant trend towards RCTs showing greater efficacy.